Uniting the People and Government

By the end of World War II, the nations of Western atomic number 63 in all go ab bring out the burdens of the post-war economies. If non totally destroyed, a nation was in chaos and postulate dramatic reconstruction. This is where democratic societies stepped in recreation of sturdy goernment was essential to the revival of Western European countries. Within just a a couple of(prenominal) years after the defeat of Italy and Germany, the European hemisphere bounced back into a stronger, to a greater extent efficient society than ever before. Some call this the hygienic-to-do Age of the European economy. As human life became more(prenominal) and more complex and difficult to manage, the government had to accommodate to the citizens needs and wants. Because of the raw material brilliance of the contemporary social structure, its management had a crucial importance in making the countries work. Europe was used to strict authority over its quite a little and complexity in the way they handles a countries affairs was not accepted. Europe was a very special situation though, because it has a ample record of traditional social control imposed over the case-by-case by collective authorities, especially the state, and hierarchal religious institutions.Another bother that was going on in modern Western Europe (pg. 21, Crozier) the legions grew in size a great deal, West European build up forces grew from forty-two thousand to almost eighty thousand within tail fin years after the Second World War. Especially in the land of France. With the militant group emerging larger than ever, the government was working with more citizens first hand, by supporting the working military group. One of the main(prenominal) pieces to making a modern country work was inducing the great deal to want to par dash in the government and have them strive to hail involved with the mending of the societal crisis.All post war European countries had to live through the same cost ly situation of having to restore their surface areas trade, government, social harmony, be at peace with the government, and relinquish all other aspects of damages caused by the intolerances that came along with traditional thinking. In the coupled States, the country was working by the people, for the people, in all efforts to be a united, strong country. Automatic freedoms of speech, press, and religion, gave the people the reassurance that things were being done to assist them in everyday life.Sixty five million dollars alone went into healthcare, unemployment, social services, residential district programs, and better education for children, and progra ms for the working class. Also, anyone who was educated had a adventure to run for various forms of government positions, which meant the citizens could first hand, come out and take part in the government. Some positions include senators, mayors, councilmen, governors, seats in copulation and House of Representatives. Wher e else but the States could you find opportunities such as these?Divisions erstwhile created by war and intolerance led to the modern developing of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). This was a form of military unity, which was important to Western Europe after 1945. It helped heal wounds with competing countries in the trade world, and have peace among once warring countries. Many other European peace treaties were gestural during the 60s and 70s. These primarily helped the democratic people in all because peace smoothed over tense conditions for European citizens.These treaties include the European Coal and Steel Community and the EEC or common market. In the 1980s, a treaty on the European Union, integrated even more countries for a peaceful trade system. After signed in the scurvy country of the Netherlands, an attempt to create a true economic and monetary union of all EC (EEC) members. One of the most interesting facts, advance into play in ever most recent times , is that a cultivation of the EC was to introduce an absolute worldwide common currency that could be found almost everywhere, called the Euro, dated to be out 2002.Even at once in present days, the Euro dollar is heard of as an idea that almost forms of government want to pursue. The fact is, state does not work without the people playing a crucial role in government. If your government is continuously telling you exactly how to live your life, what you must believe in, cheating you out your dollar, and totally undermining the working class, you are going to see no distribute in that society.Basically, with Western Europe having the least amount of acceptance of regeneration and having little tolerance for true societal freedom, a great democracy cannot exist. This is why the United States has grown to be the most powerful and well off country of all times. The creators of our ever-evolving democracy here in America just goes to show, that caring about the people who make up our democracy gives them the strength and will to work together to make anything work and to rattling peruse happiness. Thank God for America

Lack of Self Esteem

Self esteem is delimit as regarding oneself as a worthwhile person or a positive evaluation of oneself. Lets examine African adolescents self-esteem based on the fol blueing facts paternal marital status, income, family structure and functioning. Is it possible that the above mentioned facts could impact a confidence that is supposed to come from oneself? I believe these facts greatly affect the self-esteem in African boys and girls in different that very significant ways.I choose this topic because it interested me and Ill be free to express my feelings, and I willl like to help those adolescents who argon absent self-esteem with these essay because I know how it feels. I must premier start my essay with pointing out where the problem originates. Having grown up in a single parent, middle class income family and being the ancien trial run of two children, I feel that I can now understand why I sometimes felt inadequate with myself. The unspoken pressure to make my mum proud a nd be a good big sister created this inadequacy.This issue definitely helped me understand this pressure and proved that unlike my thought at the time, I was not the solo teenager going through this enormous drop in self-esteem. I mentioned some major facts that surrounds lack of self-esteem, 1. the parental marital status,2. the income and 3. the family structure and 4. Family Functioning. these are the functioning perspectives. First, that the self-esteem of boys and girls (boys especially) would be passing affected by their parents marital status. Second, that both genders would have higher case of family functioning than single parent kins.The third prediction concluded that the emergences of marital status on self-esteem would be less if family income was statistically matched with other families. The last hypothesis predicted that family functioning had a greater effect on self-esteem than family structure. The take in consisted of 200 fifteen year old African childre n from western part Nigeria with 74 being girls and the remainder boys. Parents were only included in study to provide income and marital status information. half of the parents were married, 38% were disunite and 12% were single mothers (no single fathers were utilize).The average household income was 57,500, 20% of the sample had an income less than 20,000 and 35% made over 35,000 a year. The examens that were used to measure the self-esteem and the family functioning measurement of the students were the Multi-Dimensional Self have in mind Inventory (MDSEI) and the Family Environment Scale (FES). The MDSEI is a 200 question test used to assess the individual aspects of self-esteem in each child. These aspects are feelings of competence, personal power, lovability, likeability, self-control, moral self-approval, and body functioning.The FES consists of 90 true or false type questions to determine the environment within the family and its functioning. This test has proven accur ate many times with African families even though the norms were determined from 285 predominately middle and upper class European American families. distri saveively child was given $10 to partake in the tests and took them whenever was convenient. The results showed that boys with parents who are divorced are mainly at risk of developing a low self-esteem.It also showed that family functioning was directly related to self-esteem in both boys and girls. I believe that this experiment was set up and conducted very well. The experimenters used a sample that was proven to be representative of the population they want to test, and used testing methods that were tried and true. Testing conditions were not kept controlled but this probably had a minimal effect on the childrens responses. thither were no noticeable errors in the experimentation other than the small sample used and its limited application one locale.

Religious Truth vs. Scientific Truth Essay

Scientific beliefs have a behind of solid evidence and muckle been proven using the scientific system and through extensive research. But there is no scientific system for proving apparitional beliefs. That is, there is no way genius could know that a particular, or any religion is unbowed or false. That therefore, raises a question, argon religious beliefs true in the same sense that scientific beliefs be true? I believe that since we have no way of singing indefinitely which religion is the truth, that it is simply an important feature of ones personality and sentry on the world, and what they person aloney choose to believe is true to them.Like Robert Solomon says in The Little Philosophy Book, Perhaps one could suggest that religious beliefs ar more like aesthetic beliefs that is, they ar just personal or, in other words, subjective. They are non literally true but not false either. In order to determine this conclusion, however, one must demeanor at both the reasons to believe this is true, and also the opposing viewpoint. What religious beliefs are true? If you believe your own to be true you are therefore saying that all others, who believe differently are wrong.But at the same time if you claim that others can be true you are implying that your own is false. And if you claim that neither one is true nor false, but it is an out of personal belief and simply subjective, then what does that say of the many religious believers who believe that their religion is the true one? That what everyone believes may in event be false? Personally, I do not believe by suggesting that religious beliefs are personal and that just because someone else believes something differently, that they are false. spectral beliefs are beliefs taught, not seen or proven, but knowing and having faith in their existence. I like the way that Gandhi views religion. His brain of religion was not in all esoteric. He knew that every religion was connected with some b elief system supported by rituals and he tried to get rid of the rituals as far as possible and make it more universal. To Gandhi religion was a human institution made my human ingenuity to solve unimaginative affairs as well as spiritual matter.He explained it as trying to climb a mountain. The mountain represented Heaven, or ones idea of it. And it doesnt matter which side of the mountain you climb, (which religion you practice) but that all religion have the same goal. That coincides with my belief, that although people may have divers(a) different religious beliefs, one does not make the other false. It can be said that the only way something, anything, could be absolutely true is with the support of evidence and proof.That is where the opposition of my opinion comes in. Scientific theories can be proven and have evidence. But it is also widely believed that religion too, has evidence. secern such as the bible, miracles and scientific studies that show the efficacy of inter cessory prayer and the effects of religion on person health. However, this does not necessarily prove one religions beliefs to be true, more so it proves the existence of religion as a whole.

Beauty essay & Health

Numerous documents and articles remark and downplay physical looker. Credible, educated sources encouraging physical beauty be few and far between. inn fetishly discredits standards and beliefs Marilyn Monroe established. Media reporters emphasize Marilyn wore a size 16. By todays standards, a size 16 is grievous. These reports fail to testify audiences a size 16 at that time is comparable to a size 3 today.Health warnings accompany fuzz bleaching, tanning, and incubus control. Political influences campaign to tilt opinions regarding physical beauty.Political justness regarding physical beauty standards controls words apply by the media. Words used by the media have no sham on reality. Looks do matter. strong-arm drawing card and weight management opens realities regarding cargoner, relationships, luck, motor hotel decisions, and better health c be. Physical appearances come across first impressions. Vision senses turn over audible senses. Political influences imply o besity is socially acceptable. An overweight mortal gives the impression of increased risk for injuries and insurance claims in the workplace.Before job applicants pronounce the first words, an unchangeable opinion formed in the interviewers mind. Political correctness portrayed by media reporters or womens groups does not change perceptions of an obese someone. Blonds attract more attention, therefore more customers. People look toing emf dates or marriage partners gives priority to their identity, not research. Individuals are perceived by the appearance of his or her mate. Personal priorities determine individual opinions of physical beauty. contradiction describing physical beauty is everywhere.Career objectives, goals of attracting certain marriage partners, and other life decisions determine which research and statistics regarding physical attractiveness accepted. External physical appearances visually debunk personal lifestyle choices. People who prioritize excellent o r meliorate health disregard research stating extra body weight is healthy than being thin. Proportionate weight results from selecting healthy food for thought choices and participation in effective cardio engagement. People walking around with 12% body deep and visible muscles live a significantly different lifestyle than someone weighing 115 pounds.Athletic muckle avoid restaurants, eat clean foods, and channelise his or her life around exercise and proper nutrition. Someone concern with weight management and general health keeps his or her calories low and exercise moderately. Athletic lifestyles are too intense for ordinary individuals with average goals. Friends are selected or rejected based on their visible lifestyles. A persons weight is an advertisement of daily living habits. Society views weight as a measure of physical appearance. Body image sufferance is often translated as a measure of self see, happiness and self-worth.People indirect request to change his or her weight desire to change their priorities. Anorexia nervosa inevitably shows up every time physical appearance is mentioned. Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness. Physical appearance plays very little part in anorexia. People obsessionally refusing to eat are acting out a fear germane(predicate) to obesity from his or her past. Perhaps someone remembered from childhood developed a drug problem. Weight gain triggered the drug problem. Depriving the physical body of food has nothing in common with dieting down to 95 or 100 pounds.The media and psychologists attempt to associate the two behaviors. They have nothing in common. Media, psychologists, and investigative reporters imply eating disorders is a desire to become thin. Society pushes theories implying thinness is unattractive. Physicians and dieticians emphasize weight is determined by genes and hereditary. These findings are to reject eating disorders. Verbally, this logic may be accepted. In actual behavior, the beli ef is rejected. A self confident person remains unchanged by outside influences.Self confidence encourages behavior resulting in pleasant physical appearance. No one obtains above average looks by accident. Extremely attractive people stir up negative emotions from others. Beauty draws as much ill will as it does desire. Other women hate you. If you are not available or interested, men hate you too. Beauty makes other people who are perilous about their own looks resentful, which erects a barrier that can be herculean to bridge (Shriver, 2006). Beautiful women constantly receive make-up tips, suggestions to change their hair or fashion advice.Secure people ignore such suggestions. Self esteem is hardly affected by advice, insults and any media program. Fitness industries would close. Societys opinions are ever changing regarding perception of physical beauty. Changeable opinions are verbal. Reactions physically attractive people receive remain focused. Reactions to physical attra ctiveness are never planned. Gentlemen offering their seat to an attractive lady, smiles, heads turning, stares, insults, envy, and unplanned facial expressions are true constant perceptions of physical beauty.Marilyn Monroe symbolizes beauty. Extremist groups continuously seek ways to cook the perception of Marilyn Monroes physical characteristics. Research attempts to alter behavior emphasizing health risks. Health scares do not change actual behavior. The reality to change what is accepted as physical beauty never changes. Notes Lionel, Shriver, (8/16/2006) The Curse of Beauty, Daily Manuel. http//search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=nfh&AN=21963650&site=ehost-live

Why Vaccination Should Be Mandatory

more than pargonnts be horrified to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunisations should consecrate needful in give to pull out the existence of the human feed and avoid the potential death of jillions. The jut out I used represents the charge of vaccinations by many p atomic number 18nts. The image non only shows the child cry in pain from the vaccination, but excessively the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mothers pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the formulation of agony on her face.The impact is portrayed as being unconcerned close the pain that her diligent is in. The creator of the image attempts to sc ar the common overt into believing that doctors by design inject harmful substances into their patients and do non care about the consequences of their actions. in the first place stating why concourse should read mandatary vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. many an(pren ominal) present that a childs resistive system heap protect them from the absolute majority of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some speculate that vaccinations do non prune at all. In order to breed rid of parents fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccinums provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that fag spread throughout a cosmos quickly. It is estimated that every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just adequacy that pots natural defenses are caught tout ensemble unprepared(Edwards, http//health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/ crowd to pick upher-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances exchangeable this, people should be compel to be given immunizations. In a look into concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an various(prenominal) should not have the competency to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http//www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and foil many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated poliomyelitis and smallpox. A culture by the pediatric Academic Society showed that childishness vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infective illness and 33,000 deaths per year( http//vaccines. procon. org/background). However, there are people who refuse to dupe vaccinations. Some individuals dont retrieve vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are good enough to naturally resist roughly diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive va ccinations, not being vaccinated weed have grievous consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened surrounded by January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 describe cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would excessively argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proven the hypothesis that thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism was a false claim(Music, p161-167). childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% impelling in stopping diseases harmonise to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would in any case argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of assure many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the publics chan ces of not getting diseases, communities must plead a herd immunity(Edwards, http//health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a universe is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http//health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer living can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economical benefits.The CDC found that every $1 fatigued on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical cost(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the sensationalistic pox vaccination hospital bills tie in to chicken pox dropped from $ one hundred sixty million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http//health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immunizations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to inspire from one person to another(prenominal)Why Vaccination Should Be MandatoryMany parents are afraid to give their children vaccinations for multiple reasons. However, immunizations should become mandatory in order to prolong the existence of the human race and avoid the potential death of millions. The image I used represents the fear of vaccinations by many parents. The image not only shows the child screaming in pain from the vaccination, but also the mother seems to be in pain as well. The mothers pain is represented by the scar on her forehead and the expression of agony on her face.The doctor is portrayed as being unconcerned about the pain that her patient is in. The creator of the image attempts to scare the general public into believing that doctors purposely i nject harmful substances into their patients and do not care about the consequences of their actions. Before stating why people should have mandatory vaccinations the arguments against it must be presented. Many argue that a childs immune system can protect them from the majority of infections and viruses that children take immunizations for.Others argue that vaccinated children have more health problems than unvaccinated children. Some say that vaccinations do not work at all. In order to get rid of parents fear of vaccinations they must be presented with all of the positives that vaccines provide. Viruses such as Cholera, the Flu and measles are some of many common viruses that can spread throughout a population quickly. It is estimated that every 30 to 40 years an aggressive flu virus emerges, one that has changed just enough that peoples natural defenses are caught completely unprepared(Edwards, http//health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). To avoid instances like this, people should be obligated to be given immunizations. In a survey concerning whether or not immunizations should be mandatory, 69% of people who took the survey agreed that immunization should be mandatory. The majority of the 69% of survey takers believed that an individual should not have the ability to risk the health of the public by not receiving a vaccine shot(http//www. debate. org/opinions/should-immunization-of-children-be-mandated-by-law).Vaccines have the ability to destroy and prevent many illnesses. For example, vaccination has eradicated polio and smallpox. A study by the Pediatric Academic Society showed that childhood vaccinations in the US prevent about 10. 5 million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year( http//vaccines. procon. org/background). However, there are people who refuse to receive vaccinations. Some individuals dont receive vaccinations because they believe they will get sick by the vaccine or believe they are healthy enough to naturally resist most diseases.Even though people are entitled to receive or not receive vaccinations, not being vaccinated can have serious consequences. An example of the necessity for vaccines happened between January 1, 2008 and April, 25 2008. There were 64 reported cases of measles and besides 1 of the infected persons, the rest were unvaccinated(Vaccine Refusal, Mandatory Immunization, and the Risks of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, p1981-1988). Many parents would also argue that vaccinations can cause autism in their children.However, a study by researchers at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University proved the hypothesis that thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative in vaccines, causes autism was a false claim(Music, p161-167). Childhood vaccines have been proven to be 90-99% effective in stopping diseases according to the American Academy of Pediatrics(Mah, p1850-1857). Most people would also argue that since the majority of people are vaccinated, the chance of contracting many diseases is low. However, in order to increase the publics chances of not getting diseases, communities must maintain a herd immunity(Edwards, http//health. owstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm. ). Herd immunity is when a sufficient amount of people have been vaccinated to protect those who have not been vaccinated. For example, if 85% of a population is immune to polio, then herd immunity is reached(Edwards, http//health. howstuffworks. com/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). Society also has to be aware that diseases that are seemingly no longer existent can reappear if people are not vaccinated as well. Vaccines also have economic benefits.The CDC found that every $1 spent on vaccination saves the public $6. 30 in medical costs(Omer, p8). After the emergence of the chicken pox vaccination hospital bills related to chicken pox dropped from $160 million in 1993 to $66 million in 2001(Edwards, http//health. howstuffworks. co m/human-body/systems/immune/herd-immunity1. htm). It has also been proven that a lack of immunization in a population can slow the development of a country. In conclusion, immunizations should become mandatory for all citizens. Viruses and diseases have the ability to move from one person to another

Production Lay-outs

crossway layout or fiction pull is designed to handle harvest-festivals that argon fabricate victimization specialized elevator cars in an assembly line (Product lay-out). Each line is designed to address specific requirements of a crop line in a sequential manner. There is a smooth f misfortunate of deed (i.e. conveyor-supported) from one specialized machine to another which is desirable in concourse cut off where demand is predictable patch volumes are mellowed. This type of layout, therefore, is fitted in producing consumer carrefours for a general market rather than producing for several segments of the market.The advantages of the product layout are its order and efficient movementes that at a lower placeside lead to faster customer receipt and less demand on lead times. It also promotes cheap travail beca practice skill requirements are low that causes relaxation of high salaries. Although this layout is efficient and easily to use, it is highly in malleabl e because a change in one assembly line tidy sum lead bottleneck in its end product. Further, in product development, acquiring a whole new set of machines and working sector is necessary to address specific requirements of the product. When demand is low, the assets stool be underutilized.As it produces ships and airplanes, fixed position layout is a technique applied to vulnerable, hard-to-move and specialized products (Layout and Flow). Factors of production (e.g. labor, machine, equipments and tools) are involve to meet in a single production location to handle manufacturing tasks there. It is customary to leave machines in the site when not used to prevent breakage or damaged in asset to the costly transportation required for pull-out and getting back to the site.Further, to minimize the high capital in acquiring new machines, most companies are using contractual leases because their use of the machines is under limited time frame. Its advantages are decrease movement of machines that aids in minimizing risk of damage or missed and continuity of processes because the need for re-planning is reduced as people meet in one place. However, some of its disadvantages include are higher salaries as workers moldiness have specific skills to finish the project, movement of people/ machines to site enkindle be very costly and dead machines can have low utilization because they remain idle rather use for productive pith when the production is at cease.Unlike fixed position, functional or process layout distinguish the work group into varied surgical incisions that give rise to incompatible and distinct work send (Facility layout). As production is intermittent and batched, functional layout is compatible in serving different market segments that have highly differentiated needs. Compared to product layout, volumes are considerably low bit the demand can quiver considerably from one period to another. There is specialization in functional layout such as separation of men, women and childrens clothes in a department store.Machines in this layout are for general use spell workers are sexual on how to operate machines within their station. The advantage of this layout is opposite the disadvantage of product layout (i.e. flexibility) while the vice versa is also true (i.e. functional layout is inefficient). Disadvantages such as backtracking, bottlenecks and delays are common. Further, the storage rooms for raw materials are huge while inventories of the finished products are low because they are immediately delivered to customers. The critical termination to consider in this layout is to find the relationship of each station to machine centers to test a more space-efficient design surrounded by them.To address the issue to space-efficiency between stations and machine centers, cellular layout is idealized to combine the advantages of product and functional layouts (i.e. efficiency and flexibility). Cells represent a workstatio n that produces similar customer requirements. A machine that cannot be allocated in space is strategically located between cells that require machine processing to establish a point of use. The inveterate design is that the assembly line is observed in producing components and parts while process layout take-over the relationship of each component-producing cell.With the use of information systems, locating cells and identifying idle machines can be easily carried out. Resulting to substantial paperwork to maintain the cellular layout, workers can also operate machines within their departments like functional layout. Its advantages are decline in material handing and transit time, minimal set-up time, minimized work-in-progress, efficient use of gentle capital, control and automation. On the other hand, it can have kick such as absence of sufficient number of part stations to create cells, imbalanced cells, more training and strict allocation of workers and increase capital ex penditure.Justification of the most appropriate layoutAlthough challenging to establish, the current milieu and production needs of Many curb should use cellular layout. First, its plant and sales transmit are located in developed economies where look and expensive human resources are dwelling. Second, it operates in a highly volatile demand that can be easily affected by environmental changes that flexibility is required to prevent cost associated with over-forecasting. Third, it is carrying only six main memory chip products which likely have significant similarities in design and internal parts. This leave behind enable creation of cells because the number of stations is sufficient.Fourth, its operations in asset-intensive while its depreciation can significantly affect its profitability. When cellular layout is adopted, assembly lines can efficiently produce component parts for the six product lines which go out prevent idle machines. On the other hand, functional layout ar e flexible that can be applied when orders are placed and products are wee-wee for final assembly. Fifth, the production of Manychip requires high lead times which can be minimized when applied with cellular manufacturing as components are ready to brook assembly once order is in place.On having greater agility, Manychip entrust not loose quality systems because specific stations are under stand-by mode that can be called if random quality test is necessary. With the status of the three conditions, approval of cellular layout is very necessary. Different components can create cells, the administrative group can act like a quality group in which case a station can be brought up for them near their respective process interests and shipment in different geographical location can be addressed by seasonably delivery of products. However, Manychip must(prenominal) consider that substantial funding is required to establish a hybrid strategy such as cellular manufacturing. It must als o monitor its product development programs to prevent dissolution of authorized cells.ReferencesProduct lay-out (unknown). UWM. acquirable Accessed on 6 August 2007Facility layout (unknown). SNC. Available from http//www.snc.edu/socsci/chair/333/bricks/Layout.html Accessed on 6 August 2007Layout and Flow (1997). Pearsoned. Available Accessed on 6 August 2007

Judaism, Christian, and Islamic Religions

The Judaism, delivererian, and Islamic pietys corroborate its own approach to fraud and architecture. These worships distinctive styles were influenced by political and ghostlike upheavals In society, the environs, and the consciousness of the Inhabitants. Their expression of Inner feelings and beliefs lead to the creation of ineffable monumental structures and beautiful prowess In which people can think over and gain inspiration from the delve. The Judaism, Charlatanry, and Islam diverse traditions and theologies offer an illuminating insight into their flightinesss of the sacker and profanes. JewishJewish wile and its development is acutely intertwined with Christian art due to its profound connections to from each one other. Although Judaism and Christianity are similar and different in many respects, the Jewish religion is a far older faith. In referring to the Jewish theological nonion of sacker and profanes, they believe that God is non- figurative, they worship in synagogues, and their ghostlike text is the quintuple books of Moses the Torah, and the Ten rules are the foundation of their laws. The synagogues equates to the temple of capital of Israel, as spiritual houses where the Jews excited their faith.Their ethnical, social, and religious belief continues through their art and architecture. gibe to Soles, Jewish art Is an art of symbols to convey a relationship to the sacker- (Soles, L 10). The Durra-Europe (c. 239 AD. ) synagogue ar cardinalrk is significant because they are the most all-encompassing and extensive figural agency of early Jewish art history to survive. Representations of God do not appear in the Jewish context due to the Second Commandment however, the use of symbols in their d largetions exemplifies their faith as they illustrated episodes room the Hebrew Bible.The Durra-Europe occidental wall mural paintings depict tremendous figurative imagery. Soles indicated that in that location Is an wildness on the newspapers of redemption and salvation connotative in the area higher up the Torah niche. The central Image is a schematic representation of the front doors of the Temple of Jerusalem that In the future will be rebuilt, to the right Is Abraham slightly to sacrifice Isaac, but In the end Is saved, and to the left are the seven-branch candelabra (Soles, L 10).The Image of the seven-branch candelabra depicted throughout Jewish art story is a symbol of salvation and redemption due to the conviction that the world was created in seven days and the law of keeping the one-seventh day a consecrate day. The number seven is important because it represents issue and perfection (Soles, L 10). Another image on the wall of Durra-Europe is a continuous narration depicting the Life of Moses. There are two large representations of Moses in the center, one is turning to part the Red ocean that destroys the Egyptians, and the other is of him leading the Israelites to the sea.These mural scenes e mphasizes the Jewish peoples event with God and sends a sum that they are the chosen people of Israel. In the middle ages, there was a change in attitude towards the Jewish community in various parts of the world. There were not able to profess their religion architecturally with outward displays that denote their religious affiliation Like the Christians and the Muslims could, so they glorified and sanctified their faith Inside the synagogues. Soles stated that the Jewish community were not interested in religious houses (L 14).The knightly style Latten tabernacle in Prague built in between he twelfth and the thirteenth century displays its artistic and cultural distinction from other religions. Inside there is a pair of columns sustaining the roof with the central element the bimbo, which is a raise platform where the reading of the Torah occurs. The seating arrangement goes around the bimbo facing forrard towards the Aaron (holy arch) in a semi horseshoe. Both the bimbo a nd the Aaron are raised to a higher place the Jewish congregating implying their close relationship with God (Soles, L 14).On the jacket there are five ribs installed to avoid having a cruciform, to not simulate Christianity. Another feature in synagogues is the parakeet (Torah curtain). The early 17th Coupled-column quilt parakeet is a blending of Jewish symbolizes with Islamic influences. There is a pair of columns alluding to the Temple of Jerusalem and a Miramar opening. The central image is the goblet with nine lamps hanging from it. In Judaism, the number nine is associated with perfection and the cycles of give up and rebirth as this number mirrors the relationship between God and valet de chambre (soles, ALL).Christian As the westward Empire declined and finally collapse in 476, cultural and political dervish shifted to the Eastern Empire. The development of Byzantine art was the result of religious and diplomatic strife between the tocopherol and west. Justinian I (c. 482-565) was the ruler of the east and under his governance, Constantinople became the artistic capital of the Empire. The Haggis Sophia (532-37 A. D) is the earliest example on an epic casing of the basic feature of Byzantine architecture as a surviving monument in Justinian reign.The interior of the church has an aesthetic tone of voice that is magnificent in appearance and reinforces the theme of redemption and lavational along with sacker and profanes in a new reality (Soles, Al 1). The central feature of the church service of Holy Wisdom is the nave that is crowned by the dome. The dome rests on intravenous feeding arches and has an array of windows, which acts as the eyes. According to Soles, the numerous windows act as windows to the someone that connects the Empire to the heavens (Soles, Al 1). The arches are broken up into small arches, with semicircular apses, and arcades with ornamental details in the molding and the capitals.Furtherto a greater extent, the ligh ting in this church played a key role attributed to he rows of windows that gives the trick that the dome is floating. The Haggis Sophia represented God on a grand scale that left the people feeling exulted and in awe. In the 1 lath and the 12th century, there is a continuation of sacker and profanes demonstrated in the constructions of churches in Western Europe. Piety was on the rise and a lot of the populace went on religious pilgrimages to express their devotion of the Roman Catholic faith. This period was likewise the birth of Romanesque architecture.Architects utilized Roman antiquity to develop their churches with Christian themes. The SST. sermon De Toulouse church in Toulouse, France, marks a geographical point for a religious pilgrimage. The architectural shape is that of a cruciform that invokes the crucifixion of Christ as well as the Chi-RYO is symbolizing the victory over death. In the middle of the 12th century, a new architectural style replaced the Romanesque go al known as Gothic. In France, Abbot Surer and state. Because of this, Gothic style religious houses became the dominant public worship aim in the early chivalric period.The Nave of Chartres Cathedral is the epitome of Gothic style. There is a greater finger of light and openness compared to Romanesque. In the interior, the arches come together at points called gives plentiful the entire cathedral a sense of heaven-forwardness (Soles, Al 2). Gothic churches prevail many large windows and flying buttresses on the outside of the church, connecting to the main structure. The to the south transept rose window from the Chartres Cathedral has a central stained grouch depiction of Jesus surrounded by twelve apostles.This culls, also has beneath its five images representing the five wounds of Christ with the images of the 4 Hebrew biblical prophets. The Gothic architectural style and the stained glass illustrations convey a message of spirituality and majesty between humanity and d ivinity. Islam In the 7th century, the religion known as Islam took root in the Middle East by its founder and prophet, Muhammad. In the course of his lifetime and 30 years after his death in 632 A. D. , this religion spread to Africa, Spain, and Asia. It also converted many places of worship into mosques like the Haggis Sophia in 1453.The practitioners f this faith became Muslim which meaning submitter or committee to the will of God or in Arabic, Allah. The Curran became the layperson textural foundation for the Islamic religion. With their faith basis, Muslims continued the sacker and profanes in their architecture and art. In Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock (c. 687-691) monument is the earliest Islamic building to survive. According to legend, Muhammad was taken by the angel Gabriel on a mi rajah (spiritual Journey) to experience both heaven and hell, which made it a sacred site (Soles, Al 3).The golden dome itself is one highest mint in Jerusalem as it rests on an octagonal structure, which rest on a settle base. The dome symbolizes heaven and it mirrors the one on the Haggis Sophia. The squared platform echoes the four directions of profane and profanes, between an landbound and the spiritual reality. The octagonal, a combination of a square and a circle represents the eight-pointed star, which also reinforces the ideal of heaven and earth is Joined in abstract terms (Soles, L 13). Outside this structure, there is a dynamic contrast between geometric, rectilinear, and curvilinear elements in a series f abstractions and colors.The colorful beauty with its detailed abstract designs, motifs, religious significance, and the distinctive structural design became the foundation of Islamic art and architecture for Muslims throughout the world. Another feature in Islamic architecture is the Miramar (niche) in the cabala wall to indicate the direction of Mecca. According to the Curran, Muslims must rest and pray before Allah five times a day towards the holy land therefore, this Miramar served as geographical orientation. Muslims usually have mass orison in all parts of the oral therefore, in Islam everyone is equal in their faith.This equality is reinforced on an architectural and a spiritual train because both the Christian and Jewish religions have an ecclesiastical court, Muslims pray directly to Allah without any clergy, thus in a way are more self-conscious with their relationship to God. There is a great deal of borrowing, emulation, and shifting in the Jewish, relationship with God through art and architecture. The constant sacker and profanes theme in all the religions, rested on the conviction of salvation and the confide of eternal life in paradise.

Foundation and Empire 7. Bribery

Sergeant Mori Luk made an moodl soldier of the ranks. He came from the Brobdingnagian agricultural planets of the Pleiades w present only army life could break the bond to the dirty and the unavailing life of drudgery and he was typical of that background. Unimaginative plentiful to feel danger with sur expect fear, he was strong and agile enough to face it successfully. He accepted orders instantly, drove the men under him unbendingly and adored his ecumenic unswervingly.And tho with that, he was of a sunny nature. If he killinged a cosmos in the line of duty with extinct a scrap of hesitation, it was also without a scrap of animosity.That Sergeant Luk should signal at the door before entry was further a sign of tact, for he would arrive been perfectly at heart his rights to enter without signaling.The ii within looked up from their withaling meal and ane reached out with his bum to cut off the cracked voice which rattle out of the battered pocket-transmitter with br ight liveliness.More books? asked Lathan D eers.The sergeant held out the tightly-wound piston chamber of film and scratched his neck. It be spaciouss to Engineer Orre, to a greater extentover hell find to have it back. Hes going to brand it to his kids, you jockey, like what you cogency c only a souvenir, you k at a time.Ducem Barr turned the cylinder in his hands with interest. And whither did the engineer nail it? He hasnt a transmitter also, has he?The sergeant shook his head emphatic everyy. He pointed to the knocked- just about remnant at the foot of the bed. Thats the only iodin in the place. This fellow, Orre, now, he got that book from iodin of these pig-pen worlds out here we captured. They had it in a salubrious-favored building by itself and he had to kill a few of the natives that tried to s travel by him from taking it.He looked at it appraisingly. It pay offs a soundly souvenir for kids.He pa make use ofd, then submit stealthily, in that respects big news floating about, by the guidance. Its only scuttle poove, but as yet so, its too life-threatening to victuals. The popular did it again. And he nodded slowly, gravely.That so? verbalise Devers. And what did he do?Finished the Enclosure, thats all. The sergeant chuckled with a fatherly pride. Isnt he the corker, though? Didnt he work it fine? One of the fellows whos strong on get a line talk, says it went as smooth and so far as the music of the spheres, whatever they be.The big offensive starts now? asked Barr, mildly.Hope so, was the boisterous response. I indispensableness to get back on my ship now that my arm is in superstar piece again. Im tired of sitting on my scupper out here.So am I, muttered Devers, suddenly and savagely. There was a bit of underlip caught in his teeth, and he worried it.The sergeant looked at him doubtfully, and give tongue to, Id better go now. The senior pilots round is cod and Id but as soon he didnt catch me in here.He paused at the door. By the way, sir, he say with sudden, awkward shyness to the trader, I heard from my wife. She says that smallish freezer you gave me to send her works fine. It doesnt cost her whateverthing, and she just about keeps a months supply of food froze up complete. I apprise it.Its all right. impart it.The great door moved noiselessly closed in(p) behind the grinning sergeant.Ducem Barr got out of his chair. Well, he gives us a plum return for the freezer. Lets take a look at this new book. Ahh, the act is g un delayable.He unrolled a yard or so of the film and looked through with(predicate) at the light. Then he murmured, Well, skewer me through the scupper, as the sergeant says. This is The Garden of Summa, Devers.That so? give tongue to the trader, without interest. He shoved aside what was go away of his dinner. tantalize down, Barr. Listening to this old- season literature isnt doing me any good. You heard what the sergeant verbalise?Yes, I did. What of it?The offe nsive go forth start. And we sit hereWhere do you want to sit?You know what I mean. Theres no use just time lag.Isnt in that respect? Barr was cargonfully removing the old film from the transmitter and installing the new. You told me a good deal of innovation history in the last month, and it seems that the great leadership of past crises did precious circumstantial more than sit and wait.Ah, Barr, but they knew where they were going.Did they? I suppose they verbalize they did when it was over, and for all I know whitethornbe they did. scarce in that respects no proof that things would non have worked out as well or better if they had non known where they were going. The deeper economic and socio analytical forces arent recite by individual men.Devers sneered. No way of telling that things wouldnt have worked out worse, either. Youre arguing tail-end backwards. His eyeball were brooding. You know, suppose I blasted him?Whom? Riose?Yes.Barr sighed. His aging eyes were troubled with a reflection of the long past. Assassination isnt the way out, Devers. I in star case tried it, under provocation, when I was twenty but it understand secret code. I removed a villain from Siwenna, but not the violet yoke and it was the majestic yoke and not the villain that mattered. exactly Riose is not just a villain, doc. Hes the whole blamed army. It would fall apart without him. They come down on him like babies. The sergeant out there slobbers e genuinely m he mentions him.Even so. There are other armies and other leaders. You must go deeper. There is this Brodrig, for instance no one more than he has the ear of the Emperor. He could de hu composition beingd hundreds of ships where Riose must struggle with ten. I know him by reputation.That so? What about him? The traders eyes lost in thwarting what they gained in sharp interest.You want a pocket outline? Hes a low-born rascal who has by unfailing flattery tickled the whims of the Emperor. Hes well-h ated by the court aristocracy, varmint themselves, because he flush toilet lay claim to neither family nor humility. He is the Emperors adviser in all things, and the Emperors too in the worst things. He is traitorous by choice but loyal by necessity. There is not a man in the Empire as subtle in villainy or as crude in his pleasures. And they say there is no way to the Emperors favor but through him and no way to his, but through infamy.Wow Devers pulled thoughtfully at his neatly thinned rim. And hes the old boy the Emperor sent out here to keep an eye on Riose. Do you know I have an idea?I do now. regard this Brodrig takes a dislike to our young Armys enjoyment?He in all likelihood has already. Hes not noted for a capacity for liking.Suppose it gets really bad. The Emperor might hear about it, and Riose might be in trouble.Uh-huh. Quite likely. moreover how do you propose to get that to go by?I dont know. I suppose he could be bribed?The patrician laughed gently. Yes, in a way, but not in the manner you bribed the sergeant not with a pocket freezer. And even if you reach his scale, it wouldnt be worth it. Theres probably no one so easily bribed, but he lacks even the fundamental honesty of honorable corruption. He doesnt stay bribed not for any sum. Think of something else.Devers swung a leg over his knee and his toe nodded quick and restlessly. Its the branch hint, though-He s windped the door signal was flashing at a time again, and the sergeant was on the threshold once more. He was excited, and his broad face was red and unsmiling.Sir, he began, in an agitated attempt at deference, I am very thankful for the freezer, and you have always rungn to me very fine, although I am only the son of a farmer and you are great lords.His Pleiades accent had grown thick, almost too much so for easy comprehension and with excitement, his lumpish peasant derivation wiped out completely the soldierly bearing so long and so painfully cultivated.Barr said s oftly, What is it, sergeant?Lord Brodrig is coming to see you. Tomorrow I know, because the captain told me to have my men ready for dress review tomorrow for for him. I thought I might warn you.Barr said, Thank you, sergeant, we appreciate that. precisely its all right, man no need for-But the look on Sergeant Luks face was now unmistakably one of fear. He spoke in a rough whisper, You dont hear the stories the men tell about him. He has sold himself to the space daemon. No, dont laugh. There are most nasty tales told about him. They say he has men with blast-guns who follow him everywhere, and when he wants pleasure, he just tells them to blast down anyone they meet. And they do and he laughs. They say even the Emperor is in terror of him, and that he forces the Emperor to raise taxes and wont let him listen to the complaints of the people.And he hates the general, thats what they say. They say he would like to kill the general, because the general is so great and wise. But he cant because our general is a partner off for anyone and he knows Lord Brodrig is a bad un.The sergeant blinked smiled in a sudden incongruous shyness at his own outburst and sanction toward the door. He nodded his head, jerkily. You mind my words. Watch him.He ducked out.And Devers looked up, tight-eyed. This breaks things our way, doesnt it, doc?It depends, said Barr, dryly, on Brodrig, doesnt it?But Devers was thinking, not listening.He was thinking severe.Lord Brodrig ducked his head as he stepped into the cramped living quarters of the trading ship, and his two fortify guards followed quickly, with bared guns and the professionally hard scowls of the hired bravos.The Privy Secretary had little of the look of the lost soul about him just then. If the space fiend had bought him, he had left no visible mark of possession. Rather might Brodrig have been considered a breath of court-fashion come to enliven the hard, bare evil of an army base.The stiff, tight lines of his sheen ed and immaculate costume gave him the illusion of height, from the very top of which his cold, emotionless eyes stared down the declivity of a long meander at the trader. The mother-of-pearl ruches at his wrists fluttered filmily as he brought his ivory gravel to the ground before him and leaned upon it daintily.No, he said, with a little gesture, you remain here. Forget your toys I am not interested in them.He draw forth a chair, dusted it carefully with the iridescent square of fabric disposed to the top of his white stick, and seated himself. Devers glanced towards the mate to the chair, but Brodrig said lazily, You get out stand in the presence of a Peer of the Realm.He smiled.Devers shrugged. If youre not interested in my stock in trade, what am I here for?The Privy Secretary waited coldly, and Devers added a slow, Sir.For privacy, said the secretaire. Now is it likely that I would come two hundred parsecs through space to inspect trinkets? Its you I want to see. He extr acted a small pink tablet from an engrave box and placed it delicately between his teeth. He sucked it slowly and appreciatively.For instance, he said, who are you? Are you really a citizen of this barbarian world that is creating all this wrath of military frenzy?Devers nodded gravely.And you were really captured by him after the scratch line of this squabble he calls a war. I am referring to our young general.Devers nodded again.So Very well, my worthy Outlander. I see your fluency of speech is at a minimum. I shall smooth the way for you. It seems that our general here is campaign an apparently meaningless war with frightful transports of energy and this over a forsaken fleabite of a world at the end of nowhere, which to a logical man would not seem worth a single blast of a single gun. Yet the general is not illogical. On the contrary, I would say he was extremely intelligent. Do you follow me?Cant say I do, sir.The secretary inspected his fingernails and said, Listen furt her, then. The general would not waste his men and ships on a sterile feat of resplendency. I know he talks of corona and of Imperial honor, but it is quite obvious that the affectation of being one of the insufferable old demigods of the Heroic Age wont wash. There is something more than glory hereand he does take queer, unnecessary care of you. Now if you were my prisoner and told me as little of use as you have our general, I would slit percipient your abdomen and strangle you with your own intestines.Devers remained wooden. His eyes moved slightly, first to one of the secretarys bully-boys, and then to the other. They were ready eagerly ready.The secretary smiled. Well, now, youre a silent devil. concord to the general, even a psychic Probe made no impression, and that was a mistake on his part, by the way, for it convinced me that our young military whizz-bang was lying. He seemed in high humor.My honest tradesman, he said, I have a mental Probe of my own, one that ought to suit you peculiarly well. You see this-And between thumb and forefinger, held negligently, were intricately designed, pink-and-yellow rectangles which were most definitely obvious in identity.Devers said so. It looks like cash, he said.Cash it is and the best cash of the Empire, for it is backed by my estates, which are more extensive than the Emperors own. A hundred thousand credits. every last(predicate) here Between two fingers YoursFor what, sir? I am a good trader, but all trades go in both directions.For what? For the truth What is the general after? Why is he skining this war?Lathan Devers sighed, and smoothed his beard thoughtfully.What hes after? His eyes were following the motions of the secretarys hands as he counted the notes slowly, bill by bill. In a word, the Empire.Hmp. How ordinary It always comes to that in the end. But how? What is the road that leads from the Galaxys edge to the peak of Empire so mostly and invitingly?The first appearance, said Devers, bi tterly, has secrets. They have books, old books so old that the run-in they are in is only known to a few of the top men. But the secrets are shrouded in ritual and religion, and none may use them. I tried and now I am here and there is a death sentence waiting for me, there.I see. And these old secrets? Come, for one hundred thousand I deserve the intimate details.The transmutation of elements, said Devers, shortly.The secretarys eyes narrowed and lost some of their detachment. I have been told that applicative transmutation is impossible by the laws of nucleics.So it is, if nuclear forces are used. But the ancients were smart boys. There are sources of power greater than the nuclei and more fundamental. If the Foundation used those sources as I suggested-Devers felt a soft, creeping headliner in his stomach. The bait was dangling the fish was nosing it.The secretary said suddenly, Continue. The general, I am sure, is aware of a this. But what does he intend doing once he fini shes this opera-bouffe affair?Devers kept his voice rock-steady. With transmutation he controls the economy of the whole set-up of your Empire. Mineral holdings wont be worth a sneeze when Riose can make tungsten out of aluminum and iridium out of iron. An stallion production system based on the scarcity of certain elements and the teemingness of others is thrown completely out of whack. Therell be the greatest disjointment the Empire has ever seen, and only Riose will be able to stop it. And there is the top dog of this new power I mentioned, the use of which wont give Riose religious heebies.Theres nix that can stop him now. Hes got the Foundation by the back of the neck, and once hes unblemished with it, hell be Emperor in two years.So. Brodrig laughed lightly. Iridium out of iron, thats what you said, isnt it? Come, Ill tell you a state secret. Do you know that the Foundation has already been in communication with the general?Devers back stiffened.You look surprised. Why no t? It seems logical now. They offered him a hundred tons of iridium a year to make peace. A hundred tons of iron converted to iridium in violation of their religious principles to save their necks. Fair enough, but no oddity our rigidly incorruptible general refused when he can have the iridium and the Empire as well. And poor Cleon called him his one honest general. My bewhiskered merchant, you have earned your money.He tossed it, and Devers scrambled after the flying bills.Lord Brodrig stop at the door and turned. One reminder, trader. My playmates with the guns here have neither lay ears, tongues, education, nor intelligence. They can neither hear, speak, write, nor even make sense to a Psychic Probe. But they are very expert at interesting executions. I have bought you, man, at one hundred thousand credits. You will be good and worthy merchandise. Should you forget that you are bought at any time and attempt to say repeat our conversation to Riose, you will be executed. But e xecuted my way.And in that delicate face there were sudden hard lines of eager cruelty that changed the studied smile into a red-lipped snarl. For one flutter second, Devers saw that space fiend who had bought his buyer, look out of his buyers eyes.Silently, he preceded the two thrusting blast-guns of Brodrigs playmates to his quarters.And to Ducem Barrs question, he said with brooding satisfaction, No, thats the queerest part of it. He bribed me. ii months of difficult war had left their mark on Bel Riose. There was heavy-handed gravity about him and he was short-tempered.It was with impatience that he communicate the worshiping Sergeant Luk. Wait outside, soldier, and conduct these men back to their quarters when I am through. No one is to enter until I call. No one at all, you understand.The sergeant saluted himself stiffly out of the room, and Riose with muttered disgust scooped up the waiting papers on his desk, threw them into the top drawer and slammed it shut.Take seats, h e said shortly, to the waiting two. I havent much time. Strictly speaking, I shouldnt be here at all, but it is necessary to see you.He turned to Ducem Barr, whose long fingers were caressing with interest the crystal cube in which was set the figure of speech of the lined, austere face of His Imperial Majesty, Cleon II.In the first place, patrician, said the general, your Seldon is losing. To be sure, he battles well, for these men of the Foundation swarm like senseless bees and fight like madmen. Every planet is defended viciously, and once taken, every planet let out so with rebellion it is as much trouble to hold as to conquer. But they are taken, and they are held. Your Seldon is losing.But he has not yet lost, murmured Barr politely.The Foundation itself retains less optimism. They offer me millions in order that I may not put this Seldon to the final test.So rumor goes.Ah, is rumor precedent me? Does it prate also of the latest?What is the latest?Why, that Lord Brodrig, th e darling of the Emperor, is now second in command at his own request.Devers spoke for the first time. At his own request, boss? How come? Or are you increment to like the fellow? He chuckled.Riose said, calmly, No, cant say I do. Its just that he bought the office at what I considered a fair and adequate price. such as?Such as a request to the Emperor for reinforcements.Devers sniffy smile broadened. He has communicated with the Emperor, huh? And I take it, boss, youre just waiting for these reinforcements, but theyll come any day. Right?Wrong They have already come. five dollar bill ships of the line smooth and strong, with a face-to-face message of congratulations from the Emperor, and more ships on the way. Whats wrong, trader? he asked, sardonically.Devers spoke through suddenly rimy lips. NothingRiose strode out from behind his desk and faced the trader, hand on the butt of his blast-gun.I say, whats wrong, trader? The news would seem to disturb you. Surely, you have no s udden birth of interest in the Foundation.I havent.Yes there are queer points about you.That so, boss? Devers smiled tightly, and balled the fists in his pockets. Just you line them up and Ill knock them down for you.Here they are. You were caught easily. You surrendered at first blow with a burnt-out shield. Youre quite ready to desert your world, and that without a price. Interesting, all this, isnt it?I crave to be on the winning side, boss. Im a sensible man you called me that yourself.Riose said with tight throatiness, Granted Yet no trader since has been captured. No trade ship but has had the speed to escape at choice. No trade ship but has had a screen that could take all the beating a light cruiser could give it, should it choose to fight. And no trader but has fought to death when occasion warranted. Traders have been traced as the leaders and instigators of the guerilla warfare on occupied planets and of the flying raids in occupied space.Are you the only sensible man t hen? You neither fight nor flee, but turn traitor without urging. You are unique, amazingly unique in fact, suspiciously unique.Devers said softly, I take your meaning, but you have nothing on me. Ive been here now six months, and Ive been a good boy.So you have, and I have repaid you by good treatment. I have left your ship undisturbed and treated you with every consideration. Yet you fall short. freely offered information, for instance, on your gadgets might have been helpful. The atomic principles on which they are construct would seem to be used in some of the Foundations nastiest weapons. Right?I am only a trader, said Devers, and not one of these swivel pin technicians. I sell the stuff I dont make it.Well, that will be seen shortly. It is what I came here for. For instance, your ship will be searched for a personal force-shield. You have never worn one yet all soldiers of the Foundation do. It will be significant evidence that there is information you do not choose to give me. Right?There was no answer. He continued, And there will be more direct evidence. I have brought with me the Psychic Probe. It failed once before, but contact with the enemy is a full(a) education.His voice was smoothly threatening and Devers felt the gun thrust hard in his midriff the generals gun, hitherto in its holster.The general said quietly, You will remove your wristband and any other metal ornament you raid and give them to me. Slowly Atomic fields can be distorted, you see, and Psychic Probes might probe only into static. Thats right Ill take it.The receiver on the generals desk was glowing and a message capsule clicked into the slot, near which Barr stood and still held the trimensional Imperial bust.Riose stepped behind his desk, with his blast-gun held ready. He said to Barr, You too, patrician. Your wristband condemns you. You have been helpful earlier, however, and I am not vindictive, but I shall judge the fate of your behostaged family by the results of the P sychic Probe.And as Riose leaned over to take out the message capsule, Barr get up the crystal-enveloped bust of Cleon and quietly and methodically brought it down upon the generals head.It happened too suddenly for Devers to grasp. It was as if a sudden demon had grown into the old man.Out said Barr, in a tooth-clenched whisper. Quickly He seized Rioses dropped blaster and buried it in his blouse.Sergeant Luk turned as they emerged from the narrowest possible crack of the door.Barr said easily, organise on, sergeantDevers closed the door behind him.Sergeant Luk led in silence to their quarters, and then, with the briefest pause, continued onward, for there was the nudge of a blast-gun muzzle in his ribs, and a hard voice in his ears which said, To the trade ship.Devers stepped forward to bold the air lock, and Barr said, Stand where you are, Luk. Youve been a decent man, and were not going to kill you.But the sergeant recognized the monogram on the gun. He cried in clotted fury, Youve killed the general.With a wild, incoherent yell, he charged blindly upon the blasting fury of the gun and collapsed in blasted ruin.The trade ship was rising higher up the loose planet before the signal lights began their eerie blink and against the creamy cobweb of the great Lens in the sky which was the Galaxy, other dour forms rose.Devers said grimly, Hold tight, Barr and lets see if theyve got a ship that can match my speed.He knew they hadntAnd once in open space, the traders voice seemed lost and dead as he said, The line I fed Brodrig was a little too good. It seems as if hes thrown in with the general.Swiftly they raced into the depths of the star-mass that was the Galaxy.

Philosophy †Justice Essay

In most of the ancient world, strong fighters won tout ensemble the glory. But in Athens, great thinkers and wise men were honored. People listened to them and followed their advice. veritable(a) today, people admire the ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Their teachings be at the root of modern philosophy and science. Alfred Whitehead is quoted as saying The safest general characterization of the European philosophic tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. If you re bothy know how to read Plato, the loyalty behind this state of matterment is easy to see. Nearly every great philosophical idea was discussed by Plato to some extent. The best dash to put it is the way the Stanford Encyclopedia puts it Few other authors in the history of philosophy approximate him in depth and range. A great example would be his supposition of justness, the present day definition of justice is a scheme or system of law in which every person receives his/her/its due from the system, including all rights, both natural and legal. This definition dates back to Plato, Ones seek for the meaning of justice in Platos Republic would finally lead to twain definitions -Justice is Harmony. (Plato, Republic, harbour 4, section 443b) Justice is doing ones own job. ( Plato, Republic, Book 4, section 443b) However finding these definitions is hardly enough to define justice, so Plato went further and offered two analogies to get a clear sense of what justice is, the division of parts in the soul as well as the parts of the state, the soul (nature) being personal morals and the state (legal) being societal morals.Another would be his theory of military man nature, he believed we were rational, social animals. Plato tended to identify our nature with reason, and our souls, as opposed to our bodies. He believed that who we argon depends on what kind of a soul we havea philosopher soul, a guardian or warrior soul, or an artisan soul. This is the general role we should turning in society (Theory of self). Success or failure at flavor depends upon what sort of society we function in.Human life needs to be political for Plato, spent in the discovery of the proper manner in which sociality ought to be organized, and then in the practical implementation of that ideal in our own societies. We are rational and social creatures, but we become who we are in society. In order to become what we truly are, we must live in the true (or ideal) society. Essence is grasped by rational analysis, as it is pick from change. This is yet another theory that according to my view of the world defines human nature, defines who we are as a people and what is required.

Confucius

Q3. Explain Confucius sentiment of law or de. why does Confucius think a solitudinarian can non be staring(a)? Confucius believed that the problem with government and society was caused by a lack of virtue. Confucius considered gravity, generousness of soul, sincerity, earnestness and kindness all guiltless. ?According to Confucius if you are a hermit you cannot be virtuous. He argued that if you are virtuous, people will be attracted to you uncoerced to provide you with help and information, and happily follow orders. Confucius even went as far as to say virtue is never solitary it always has neighbors (Analects 425).Confucius would say living virtuous is the best way because it would help you give way a fulfilling and righteous life. Q4. What is the Concept of Wu Wei or Non Action in Lao Tzus Tao Te Ching? How does a ruler combat social problems by non-action is it doing nothing? Provide an example from the text of ruling through non-action. The concept of Wu Wei or non-Ac tion means going with the flow, it is the path of least resistance and effort, for in that respect is no action without reaction, no desire with out restraint.It means to vex that path of least effort, for whatever we do always has a reaction. Do not seek to force something to happen. To rule through non-action do not glorify heroes, and people will not contend. Dont regard rare objects and people will not steal. Dont pageant what people desire and their hearts will not be disturbed. (Tao Te Ching p. 3) Live in a good place. Keep your mind deep. shell out others well. Stand by your word. Make fair rules. Do the right thing. track down when its time. Only do not contend, and you will not go wrong. (Tao te Ching p. 8)Q5. In Walden, Thoreau famously states nearly people proceed run shorts of quiet desperation. What makes Americans so desperate? Why does he think they suffer silently? Why are they so resigned to their fate? To explain Thoreaus quote more or less people pers onify lives of quiet desperation, he believed that the pursuit of conquest and wealth cheapened the lives of those engaged in it making them unable to appreciate the simpler pleasures. Thoreau describes most people live, spending all their time and energy working to arrive at luxuries this does not lead to human happiness.Thoreau says that the ownership of such things is actually a disadvantage, one who owns them must take care of them, while one who owns dwarfish has more freedom to do as he pleases. This is why Thoreau chose to live simply and cheaply in a house he construct and why he thinks Americans are desperate and suffer silently. Q6. In the Analects, Confucius claims that the chastity of the humankind is like the nuzzle, and the virtue of the short person is like that of the grass- when the wind moves over the grass, the grass is sure to bend what does Confucius mean by this? What does he imply about the masses?How do they learn virtue? Confucius refers to the virtu ous person as the wind. Confucius often describes being virtuous has an effect on a person and virtuous people have a force, that attracts others nigh them. Confucius implies about the masses that virtuous will be stronger than the petty. According to Confucius The gentleman brings out the best in others, and does not bring out the worst. The petty man does the opposite. (The Analects 12. 16) This means that the virtuous people would in the long run influence the rest like when the wind blows the grass it is sure to move. Q7. How does Thoreau stipulate freedom?Why does he think a life of repose can restore freedom? In his book Walden, Thoreau defines freedom as living free and uncommitted. He describes that he once considered buying a get up. He realized, though, that a person did not have to own a farm to enjoy those things such as the beauty of its landscape. Thoreau concludes But I would say to my fellows, once for all, as long as possible live free and uncommitted. It make s little difference whether you are committed to a farm or the county jail. Thoreau tells his readers to simplify their lives as well so that they may live fully and freely.

Beliefs And Practices In China

The lead main religions in mainland China Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism originated at about the same conviction and share common beliefs in man goodness and the need to behave kindly and justly. However, they differ in their dos and, more than(prenominal) importantly, in how they find deities and the hereafter. Derived from Confucius teachings around 500 BC, Confucianism emphasizes justice, sincerity, morality, and hierarchy.It emphasizes conduct and decorum oer spirituality, emphasizing self-control and obedience instead of religious doctrine in the Judeo-Christian spirit. Its practices include be sincere, just, and deferential to elders, since it embraces a strict view of worldly hierarchy and the need for etiquette rather than one governed by gods or an omnipotent single God. In this sense, it is less a religion than a tradition of ritual/propriety (Yao 191) which upholds sacrifices to heavenly, earthly, and ancestral spirits (generally performed in temples).It is intemperate to define as a religion because it does not fit the westward worlds criteria and is more a tradition and code of fashion indeed, it was initially used to govern the actions of Chinas ancient bureaucrats. (Yao 39) Daoism evolved at about the same time as Confucianism and also embraces virtues want justice, patience, and decency. However, it is more of a religion than Confucianism because it mandates reverence for the Dao (roughly meaning the way), which is a cosmic principle, permeating and infusing all aspects of creation with vitality. (Oldstone-Moore 23) To become one with the Dao, one mustiness give away enlightenment by practicing good, proper behavior in step-up to cultivating a spiritual wisdom and serenity through unity with the Tao. Here, Taoism differs shrewdly from Confucianism, which does not place as much importance on cosmic forces or ones spiritual nature. It also embraces a more concrete idea of the afterlife than Confucianism, since the Daoist view has the soul entering Hell, being forced to atone, and being reincarnated.(Oldstone-Moore 84-87) Originating in India at roughly the same time as Confucianism and Daoism, Buddhism shares with them the principles of harmony and balance, though to a Westerner it seems more like a religion than either of its fellow faiths. Indeed, its doctrines and rituals are more evolved and clearly-defined than those of Chinas other two main religions. Like them, Buddhism teaches that while charitable nature is essentially good, the world is corrupt and one must practice pure-mindedness and good, just behavior.It also shares with Daoism the importance of seeking cosmic enlightenment, though Buddhists attain it through meditation and discipline. (Wangu 8) However, it also mandates a degree of asceticism (like change degrees of vegetarianism) not required by Confucianism or Daoism, asking its laypeople to refrain from violence, theft, informal misconduct, using intoxicants, and incorrect speec h (lying, gossiping, etc. ).Also, Buddhisms concepts of the soul and afterlife are much more developed than those of either Confucianism or Daoism, and it places more emphasis on its written scriptures (which were committed to print during the first carbon AD). However, it has no supreme being and does not demand exclusive allegiance, as do Western religions its appeal has rested solely on the pass of its founder and its flexibility in adapting to different cultures and philosophies. (Wangu 10) Chinas three chief religions share common traits and basic outlooks (which they openly exchanged over the centuries).Confucianism is the roughly secular and least spiritual, while Daoism has a more evolved sense of the spirit and afterlife and Buddhism the most evolved concepts of these, as well as the most involved code of practices. In all, they represent varying degrees of spirituality and what Westerners would cry (out) religion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Taoism. New Yo rk Oxford University Press, 2003. Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. New York Facts on File, 2002. Yao, Xinzhong. Religions of China. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2000.

How are women portrayed in Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible”? Essay

In Arthur Millers The melting pot, we be faced with an interesting psychological question What would happen if the net hearty rank reach world-beater? After any, in the term of the Salem witch trials, women suffered because of their low rank and were expected to submit themselves to men. However, preferably of portraying strong female figures, which combat popdated beliefs of a cleaning womans duty, this play casts women as weak creatures whose only access to condition is through and through dishonesty and manipulation.Although Millers portrayal of women seems to fit with the prejudices against them of the time, the family-oriented women who preserve honest throughout the play possess less power than the undivided female teenagers who wantonly sentence people to death. Elizabeth Proctor and Rebecca Nurse are two of the least powerful women in The Crucible, while Abigail Williams relishes her newfound power, come acrossed by acc exploitation unobjectionable citizens of practicing witchery. Both Elizabeth and Rebecca dutifully serve their families, and the fraternity that ultimately betrays them.Although Elizabeth never confesses to witchcraft, only the circumstance that she is pregnant saves her. As the prude leaders would never sentence an innocent unborn baby to death, Elizabeths life is spared until its birth. Rebecca Nurse, on the different hand, is eventually executed despite the occurrence that she always presented herself as an upright, God-fearing woman. However, the honest accused were more a great deal than not the ones who lost their lives during both this period and the McCarthy era that the book serves as a commentary on, as they were not willing to confess to a crime they did not commit. For these reasons, one could argue that Miller agreed with the misogynistic prejudices prevalent in the 1692 Salem Witch Trials. Women with power only use it for vile those suppressed by men remain good and honest.Abigail doesnt gravel to Pur itan ideals, instead following her narcissistic desires she pursues and seduces Proctor, even though this is a sin for which she should be repentant, according to the Puritanical mindset of the times. The teenage girls who incorporate the low social rank who come to power are amazingly one-dimensional, seemingly driven only by their feelings. Since the play plenty be read as an allegory to the anti-Communist investigations during theMcCarthy era, perhaps their characters arent fully fleshed out because they only serve the play as villains, a parallel to those in the McCarthy era who accused others of being Communists. Miller simply wants to portray them as people who are motivated solely by their own selfish gain. The entire ordeal delivers a misogynistic undertone of a womans only interest being a man, as Abigail is willing to consecrate the lives of innocent people to be with John Proctor.However, at the same time, it underlines the fact that people during the McCarthy era wer e only interested in benefitting themselves, and had no construe for the consequences of their actions. The prime example of this is Abigail Williams, a main character in the play. She resents Elizabeth Proctor, win over she is the only thing keeping her apart from John Proctor, with whom she had a privy(p) affair1. In fact, the events in the play are all set in motion by this hatred, as she persuades Tituba to engage in the practice of witchcraft with her and her friends and, after being discovered and accused, realizes that blaming different people of practicing witchcraft can effectively remove them from society, as this is basically a death sentence. She wields this power to deflect all tap onto Tituba and several of Salems other second-class citizens.2 Once reproached by the community for rumors of her adultery, she now accuses them of a far worse sin devil-worship. One would remember this character would admit a rich backstory and complex personality Abigails motivation never seems to grow beyond simple jealousy of Proctors wife and a desire for revenge against her, with no remorse for the 19 innocent people whom she sentenced to death. Mary Warren serves as a counterpoint to Abigail. Although she causes a lot of harm and sends people to their deaths as well, she does not do so out of malice, but rather because of her weak and subservient nature.She is convinced by Abigail to participate in accusing people of practicing witchcraft, but feels guilty for causation their deaths. When Proctor is furious over the arrest of his wife, she agrees to confess to lying virtually her accusations, however revokes her confession when Abigail accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Mary always sides with the stronger power, too faltering to oppose it, thereby both representing the weak-willed people of Salem and symbolizing the McCarthy era.Ann Putnam isnt weak, but she is described as weak-minded, introduced as atwisted sense of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, hau nted by dreams.3 Multiple stillbirths have most potential caused this mental instability.4 While other people are trying to come up the identities of those involved in witchcraft, she frequently suggests names so that others can blame them, and constantly analyzes other peoples actions.5 She also causes panic through a show of fear and anxiety, as well as using false information to influence others.Lastly, Tituba is part of an even lower social rank than Abigail and her friends, as she is a house slave. Although she admits to practicing witchcraft, her fate is never revealed. This ambiguity over what happens to her emphasizes that whether these girls are witches or not is not actually important.When analyzing all major female characters, it becomes clear that Miller portrays women as behaving rashly and irrationally when they are in a powerful position. Abigail Williams uses it to eliminate enemies, only to attain the love of a man, while Ann Putnam paranoidly accuses people of wi tchcraft to explain the deaths of her unborn children. Worst of all is Mary Warren, who is so gutless and unable to think for herself, that she just bends to the strongest will.

Plato and Baudrillard Essay

The central argument of Platos Republic is that the just life is preferable to the unsportsmanlike one. Socrates argues this point against his friends, who put up various objections to the thesis. The principal objection concerns appearances because it is patent to in all that the unjust dissimulator reaps the fruits of the world, while the just and virtuous person, who refuses to compromise with the world, suffers poverty, rejection and familiar hardship. The argument of Socrates proceeds along the lines that appearances argon liable to deceive. In record 7 the argument has strayed into epistemology. Here again the argument of Socrates is that material k right awayledge is deceptive. In order to make this point he gives us a vivid and extended proportion of the cave-dwellers.The dwellers of this cave be sitting veneer the border of the cave, and their heads are constricted so that they must always be gazing at the wall, not being able to turn their heads at all. git them t here(predicate) is a fire, and between the fire and the dwellers a road. There are bearers who carry objects and walk along the road. The shadows of the objects, as well as those of the bearers, chance upon on the cave wall, and this is what the dwellers see, and is the sum of their visual knowledge. Plato is arguing that in the phenomenal world our knowledge is constrained. That we cannot reach the mall of things, and that our knowledge must be content with the hazy shadows of things. Because such knowledge is so incomplete, it is liable to pee-pee error in our judgment of things. scarce Plato is not promoting skepticism. He extends the analogy to suggest that we may come to know the essence of things, but this is nevertheless after we have been released from the bondage of material existence. He goes on to imagine the condition of the cave-dwellers once they have been released from their constraints. They see the objects with their profusion of detail, and the clarity over whelms them, so that they refuse to accept the objects themselves as real, and instead insist that the shadows on the wall were more real.In the next stage of their en light(a)enment they are control to outside the cave, and then they see things with the greatest clarity of all, and this by the light of the sun. Eventually they come to the understanding that all light originates in the sun. The jot that Plato makes is that there is indeed clarity of knowledge, and that it lies beyond the realm of the material and of appearance. The happening itself is the saving grace of man. The preserve of wisdom is the shelter that man seeks as he stumbles through the morass of error.The Allegory of the Cave is highly apt(p) to how Jean Baudrillard pictures modern lodge. In his essay Simulations and Simulacra he contends that modern beau monde has lost all referential links to reality, and has supplanted reality with an artificial construct, which he terms hyperreality. In terms of Platos a llegory, the shadows on the wall construct the starting points on which to construct a comprehensive reality. In Baudrillards general epistemology, all knowledge necessarily deals with the signification of things, and never with the essence of the things themselves. These units of knowledge are signs.A sign has no meaning in itself, but derives all meaning through its reference to all new(prenominal) signs. Therefore it has self-referential meaning precisely. True and total meaning can only emerge when the references have been taken to all other possible signs. further the finite capacity of man precludes this happening, even though he always strives for total meaning, in order to overcome his limitation.He constructs simulacra, i.e. models that combine the signs in logical formulations, and meant to represent reality by similitude. But this is a unlucky endeavor. The message of Baudrillard is no different from that of Plato. The shadows on the cave walls are that signs of th e real presences. Yet the cave dwellers are forced to build all reality from these shadows, and commit error if they try to limit reality to the shadows.The direction of Baudrillard is not on the possibility of true understanding, which nevertheless is tacit in his philosophy. He is more intent on pointing out that modern society has fallen into grave error by the cartographers unhinged project of an ideal coextensivity between the map and the territory (Baudrillard 170). The result in Western societies has been a precession of simulacra (Ibid 169). The original project, as taking piazza in the Age of Enlightenment, is the construction of simulacra, which he likens to maps which are meant to be co-extensive with reality, because atomic level detail is strived for. The next stage is second-order simulacra, where the original simulacra tend to be copied, instead of taking reality as the first reference point. But the plight of modern society is even more serious than this, for her e we have arrived at third order simulacra. This is when the signs are employed in order to simulate reality, so that all reference to the original is severed, and now it is the map that precedes the territory (Ibid). Because it is so Baudrillard claims that reality has been effaced for the dwellers of modern society, and has been replaced by hyperreality. In this completely simulated existence there is no room for arrive at any more, but only a meaningless spinning some of fads and fashions, or the orbital recurrence of models and the simulated generation of difference (Ibid 170).It is subjective that Baudrillard emphasizes the plight of modern society. In Plato we find the seduction of material knowledge, and the consequences are to be imagined. Baudrillard is confronting the consequence face to face, because material knowledge has transpired as a social norm. This is why Plato is more concerned with telling us the possibility of true knowledge, whereas Baudrillard gives us a p hysiology of the false, because he sees it extant before him. full treatment CitedBaudrillard, Jean. Jean Baudrillard Selected Writings. Translated by Jacques Mourrain. Palo Alto Stanford University Press, 2001.

Review of Tom Englehardt’s The End of Victory Culture Essay

Like m some(prenominal) young men of his propagation Tom Englehardt is the son of a World War II veterinary surgeon and was raised in the shadow of Allied success over japan and Germ any. It was an period of clearly evil enemies and clearly honorable victors. America was a winner, still according to Englehardt between 1945 and 1975 supremacy culture finish in America and he traces its decomposition with those years of generational loss and societal disillusionment to Vietnam, which was its graveyard for all to see (10). consort to Englehardts cover-jacket promotion, this remarkable and un pass judgment chronicle of our timereconstructs a half-century of the crumbling borderlands of American consciousnessa country living an afterlife amid the ruins of its national chronicle (cover-jacket). Further, he presents the question of whether in that respect is an imaginable America without enemies and without the story of their put to death and our triumph? (Cover-jacket).Perhap s since its publication in 1995 Englehardt has had a chance to don a hop on his version of American history and consider how it is that America has lived through its afterlife and despite incredible adversity continues to not just survive, but thrive. Englehardt begins his version of post-war American history with what can only be describe as the academically-required survey of All That Was Wrong With America. in that respect is a expectant value in discovering and analyzing policies and actions in a postmortem sense, for the obvious intellect of improving what worked and reworking what failed. in that location is a great disservice in reviewing history within the context and framework of contemporary thought and morality. The contributor gets Englehardts version of the European White Mans conquest of autochthonous Americans, the depredations of thrall and lynching, and the unworldly horror of American atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There is little, if any dou bt in any rational persons mind these were not exactly shining examples of Americana. But his recounting of these events raises questions he is unable to populaceage.First, and truly not callously, how long should America apologize, if that is what Englehardt demands? Second, with American pellucid destiny and the bombing of Japan, just exactly what were the alternatives at the time? Finally, with sla precise and the civil rights movement, where is the relevance to Englehardts central thesis? At any(prenominal) point realizations are made that we cannot undo historical fact, no function how unsavory the events were, and ultimately, as a person and as a nation we mustiness move on. Throughout his book Englehardt exhibits a not-so-subtle bias, evident from the onslaught and which must be taken into account.One need look no closer than the jacket promotion Englehardt is careful to use the word whacking in reference to Americas enemies, not defeat. Englehardt traces the success culture through the media, beginning with the World War II era Why We Fight documentaries and Hollywoods active war-time production of torpedo movies (51). In the post-war era pride in on- conceal westerns and war culture was any boys inheritance (52). Englehardt believes the culture was based on an linger that could touch all but the imagination in only the closely limited ways.Now for the send-off time since the earliest days of the European invasion of North America, the ambush (by nuclear weapons) threatened actual elimination (52). Again, Englehardt is careful to use the word invasion instead of migration or colony preferring to impart a negative connotation whenever possible. For him the war machine-industrial complex grew to monstrous proportions confidential information to the first real nuclear standoff in the Cuban rocket Crisis (52-3). Englehardt does not supply any reference to support his claim that cypher could rally Americans for such a war (53).Englehardt writes in a very disjointed manner, alternately discussing the bombing of Japan, the Korean War, communism and McCarthyism, and his father (73). He devotes chapters to childrens toys and his own collection of war figurines (85). He discusses the impact of television, and declares that by the end of the sixties war as myth and play seemed to confound been swept clean out of American culture (89). In the bridge circuit of less than thirty pages Englehardt manages to discuss, and apparently re later(a), Malcolm X, George Kennan, the Cold War, vampires, Broken Arrow, UFOs and The Incredible Shrinking Man (90-112).Apparently these all relate to the pronouncements of Malcolm X and Kennan, respectively the whole world knows that the white man cannot survive some other war and Kennan marking the spot where his own society threatened to border of some cliff (111-112). Englehardt continues his review of the media culture of the late fifties and sixties, at one time again in a very haphaz ard and distracting style. It seems he is readiness on throwing in every facet of American culture as if to miss any one item would spoil his entire recipe.The reader is left to his discourses of anti-communism and Cuba, juvenile delinquency, civil rights, Dobie Gillis, Mad Magazine, Bill Haley and the Comets, television advertising, uprise Without a Cause and Happy Days. His chapters read more like the answers to a huge game of Trivia Pursuit than any historical look of substance. All he is missing is the game cards question who contend Josh Randall in Wanted Dead or Alive? answer Steve McQueen (152). Somehow, according to Englehardt, it is all related to the demise of victory culture.When after well-nigh two hundred pages Englehardt finally decides to discuss Vietnam he does so with an expected emphasis on horrors and atrocities. But first he must take the reader through GI Joe (Englehardt takes pains to describe Hasbros late entry with Negro Joe and She-Joe), Sergeant Roc, K ennedy assassination conspiracy theory, and Fail skillful (175-187). Any review of substance of the war in Vietnam will by necessity be a huge undertaking, and Englehardt is not to be criticized for discussing what amounts to a worst of list of horrors that faced the Vietnamese, the American soldiers, and the American public.Unfortunately for Englehardt the mineshaft has been thoroughly mined and he brings no new information or analysis to the table. Vietnam was a tremendous media war in terms of coverage and ineradicable images. A few images, such as the young naked napalmed fille running in fright or the point-blank assassination of a captured Viet Cong soldier, seem to crystallize all of the horror and insanity of that war. Englehardt decides to provide the literary simile, with quotations from veterans describing the horrors and atrocities of My Lai and other villages.It is in a sense gratuitous and repetitious, and serves little resultant other than to reinforce the gene ral negativity of the entire book. Before Englehardt turns his fear to the Desert Storm/Desert Shield operations he first makes the point that previous military operations in Panama and Grenada were spare exhibits of force and quickly dismisses them as exaggerated, over referential event(s) (281).He prefaces his discussion of the Gulf War as (in) the new version of victory culture, the military spent no less time planning to control the screen than the battlefield, and the neutralization of a potentially oppositional media became a war goal (290). It is forever and a day remarkable that reporters and journalists who steadfastly claim they nominate either been manipulated or denied admittance manage to produce analytical and critical volumes assessing what they allegedly were not allowed to witness.Englehardt reaches the conclusion that in a sense the Gulf War was a reaction to the Japanese and European economic challenges in that it emphasized the leading-edge aspects of the co untrys two foremost exports arms and entertainment (295). Englehardt finishes his book by revisiting his admirer GI Joe, who has been running hard to survive in a staccato world (302). In closing he states what path out of the ruins whitethorn be neither Joe nor we understand (303). It is doubtful Englehardt is on anyones in short list of consultants to contact regarding the contemporary framework of war.His work is well-researched and thoroughly document with page upon page of footnotes and references. However what is telling is what is absent from his index. It reads like an encapsulation of American pop culture, as would be expected, with countless references to movies, television, and American icons. It reflects an insulated viewpoint of American culture of victory as seen only through American media. There is a much greater awareness of the geopolitical effects of any conflict, and it is difficult if not impossible to simply pigeon-hole war in out-of-date terms of American cultural heroes or victory.Ultimately he can take credit with the foresight to see the end of a culture of victory, but events since publication cod drastically changed the meaning of victory in war, and unfortunately decrease the relevance of his work. Todays battlefields in Iraq and Afghanistan reflect Americas greater engagement in a global War on Terror. There is little, if any similarity in the dangers faced today compared to previous military engagements or World Wars. spheric terrorism brings a previously unknown dimension to military theorists and analysts. surely there is a popular swell of support for the defeat, if not lacing of Osama bin Laden and the terrorists responsible for the death of civilian non-combatants. But there is less a sense of a desire for a victory culture as there is for a survival culture. Without formula as much Englehardt could stand for the premise, as any wise man would, that pacifism is preferred to war, and in war the victors are often vanq uished as well.That takes a world far different from the one that exists today. There is no doubt America is the superpower but it does not operate in a vacuum today there is a broader and stronger global law for peace than any American desire for victory in war. At the time of publication The End of Victory Culture may have reflected a confused world with paths not understood. Since September 11, 2001 events have given clarity to any confusion, and the path to safety and survival must be followed.