Soccer :: Research Papers Essays

SoccerTable of Contents Introduction..3 History of the Activity..4 Nature of the Activity..4 Playing Area..5 Physical Conditioning..6 Practice Drills..6 finale....7 Introduction Soccer is the worlds most popular sport. It is the national sport of most European and Latin-American countries, and of umpteen other nations. Millions of people in more than cxl countries play soccer. The World Cup is held every four years. Soccer is one of the most famous international sports. Soccer is known world wide and is contend in the Olympics. In a soccer jeopardize there are two teams of 11 players who try to score a point by propel a ball into the opponents net. Soccer is played on a rectangular field with a net on each short side of the field. all told players must hit the ball with their feet or body and only the goalie is allowed to touch the ball with his/her hands. There are many things you can do to specialise yourself to play. Soccer the way we play it came from England in the 1800s . Soccer was not that popular until the mid-1900s. Today soccer is very popular and it is one of the nations fastest-growing sports. There are many exercises and drills you can do to improve how you play soccer. There is also many physical conditioning that players can do. Soccer can help you stay fit(p) and healthy. Many people can play soccer and benefit from it. Soccer is very fun and a great recreational sport. History of the Activity Games identical to soccer were played in China as early as 400 BC. In about 200 AD the Romans played a impale in which two teams tried to score by advancing a ball across a line on the field. The Romans passed the ball to one another(prenominal) but they never kicked it. London children in about 1100 played a form of soccer in the streets. During the 1800s the people of England played a game similar to soccer. Many rules changed and each person interpreted the rules differently. In 1848 a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the kickoff of soccer rules. In 1863 English soccer clubs founded the Football Association. By the late 1800s soccer began to spread to the rest of the world. The Canadian Soccer Association was completed in 1912 while the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913.

Using Technology in Sports :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Using Technology in Sports The ball comes speeding over the net and slams down onto the face of the court come just beyond the base line, the line running along the back of the court. I had called her winning point... out. As I turned towards her, I could see the indignation building in her eyes. We walked towards each other, and with only the net separating us, she began to confront me. She argued that, as she saw it, the ball was obviously in and that we should replay the point. I wanted this gamey as much as she did and we were both standing strong. I finally decided that there was no use in fighting. We had to resolve this argument surrounded by ourselves because there were no line judges to decide for us. We decided to replay the point and she won. I tried to convince myself that there would be times when a call would be dubiousnessable and that I should try not to point fingers. I still went home discouraged that night because I knew that the call I had make was fair.The n ext day I sleepily drifted in and out of my Ethics lecture, although, the teacher was able to catch my attention by an interesting question that he presented. What is morally crystalize? This got my mind going. I was bothered by the match the previous day and I began to question myself about my call. Was it morally correct or was I being partial to my own success? I reflected on that final call that I had made, the point that won the game. I was supreme that I had made a fair call but a little hint of doubt kept ringing in my head. What if I had made a bad call? What if I saw the ball differently than everyone else? Questions like these continued to haunt me throughout the hour. One of my close friends, Sarah, noticed that something was bothering me. She asked me what was wrong, and I told her that I was upset about last nights match and was wishing that there was a way to tell for sure if the ball had been in or out. As soon as I had finished, an excited look washed over her face . Being a track star, she proceeded to tell me about a new engineering that was being used for runners.

Theme of Carl Sagans The Demon-Haunted World :: Sagan Demon-Haunted World Essays

Theme of The Demon-Haunted World  Books that promote pseudoscience are often popular and profitable. Much less marketable are those books which promote skepticism (Nickell 106). The underlying account in the first part of Carl Sagans book The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark is that there can be overwhelm harmful effects if science is not used as a way to observe that which is not completely understood. This means that people should study everything objectively and let popular beliefs interfere when drawing their conclusions. In the last part of the book Sagan emphasizes that education is a tool which is much too rarely utilized (Sagan 351). Even without stating it directly, Sagans first theme stands out quite well. It doesnt lurk behind sentences, only occasionally poking its head out, it parades in front the paragraphs saying " bearing at me" This is because Sagans writing is so vivid and potent. He needs only to add a few comments and his e xamples explain themselves. One the most obvious places this kit and boodle is when Sagan writes about medicine and its relationship to science. He describes how medicine was making huge advances until the middle ages when a lack of interest in science caused all overture to stop. There was a century where "no advances were made in any field" (Sagan 17). Disease ran rampant. Sagan then writes about how medicine today has all still eliminated many once fatal diseases. Here Sagan doesnt have to states his theme, the message is clear where would we be without the medical advances brought about by science? When people stopped victimization science as a tool to look at the world there was chaos. In the beginning of the chapter entitled "The Path to Freedom," Sagan chronicles the rise of a materialisation African-American named Frederick Bailey from an illiterate slave in Baltimore to becoming one of the greatest orators of his time. He changed his name to that of a character in Walter Scotts The Lady of the Lake, becoming who we inhabit as Frederick Douglas (Sagan 353). This and the chapters after it do wonders to show just how much of a benefit one can get from an education. Sagan really has strong feelings about the agent of knowledge. This probably has to do with the fact that he came from a lower middle class family and by working hard has become one of the most view scientists in the country (Sagan preface).

Edgar Degas :: Essays Papers

Edgar DegasEdgar Degas was a French artist, some people would refer to him as the expert of drawing the human figure in motion. He was known as an Impressionists, and was different from all the other artist of his type. Edgar Degas was a person who, at certain times, brashly defied propriety and common cordial practice. Although he could be the nicest person, at times he would go into rages during social gatherings, becoming hostile with the people who disagreed with his ways and opinions. Edgar Degas was born on July 19, 1834, at Saint-Georges in Paris. His father was a French banker, and his mother was an American from sweet Orleans. While Degas was growing up his idol was the painter. He began his artistic studies with Louis Lamothes, a pupil of Ingres. After studying there he moved on and started classes at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. In 1854, he left and went to Italy. For 5 years he stayed there and studied Italian art, mainly works. Edgar Degas was known as an Impressionist. T he Impressionist were artist who exhibited their works of art in independent shows from 1874 to 1886. It was the common desire to make an open forum for artist to show their work that united the group.The word Impressionist was created by the critic Louis Leroy after seeing paintings in the maiden Impressionists exhibition in April of 1874. The name that Leroy gave his article in the French periodical was Charivari Exhibition of the Impressionists and sarcastically protected the new style of painting that neglected details, bared brushstrokes, and put unblended colors beside each other. Just like most of the French public, Leroy did not take into consideration the works by Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar as art that deserved serious attention. In 1859 he returned to Paris. There he painted portraits of family and friends and many historical subjects, where he used both classical and wild-eyed styles. In the late 1860s he switched to contemporary th emes, painting both theatrical scenes and portraits with big emphasis on social and intellectual implications of props and setting. virtually 1868 Degas began to get recognized as an artist. During the early 1870s, the female became Degass favorite theme. In his studio he sketched from a live mould and put poses together in groupings that illustrated rehearsal and performance scenes. In 1872 he visited some of his relatives in Louisiana, he painted The Cotton Exchange at New Orleans, which is his only picture that was aquired by a museum in his lifetime.

The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War IIn 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at fight. Due to many sm every, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian g everywherenment. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasn t acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They decl bed war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and vice versa.On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the fact that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would lose Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% portion of its total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to worry about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front.The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 million soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War IIn 1914 through 1918, the entire sphere was at war. Due to many sm every last(predicate), and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and piece of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian government. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasnt acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They declared war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and criminality versa.On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the feature that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would put up Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% percent of its total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to bewilder about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front.The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 zillion soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

Bladder Ultrasound Technology Essay

The poll conducted by Frederickson et al. was open to show the need to go for a Bladder beholdner for the accu array and efficient mind of vesica volume in postoperative caution. The bladder distention that ordain be experience by the patient ofs muckle grounds complications and health problems if appropriate measures impart not be taken. The traditional solution which is to insert a catheter into the urethra of the patient is no eight-day a viable option be micturate it increases patient rawness as well as increases the rate of infections.The solution therefore is to use sonography technology such as the Bladder S shadowerner that will accurately and efficiently assess bladder volume. The accurate assessment will lead to the reduced us develop of catheterization in postoperative care this will to a fault capture for the reduction in the rates of infection, the price of treating UTI, increase the efficiency of the nurses. This will ease the burden of the nurses an d require them more effective in focusing on other(a) tasks this will also ease the psychological and corporeal discomfort of the patients.The Implementation of Bedside Bladder echography Technology Effects on Patient and Cost Postoperative Outcomes in Tertiary Care A Critique of the Study In postoperative care it is common to encounter the problem of urinary retention. It can be said that angiotensin-converting enzyme of the side effects of drugs, especi ally the use of anesthesia is bladder distention. This is characterized by the patients inability to distinguish if he or she has a full bladder and need to empty it. Bladder distention can cause complications and needless to say health workers must do their best to regularly empty the bladder.Since there is no way of knowing if the bladder is about to be void or not the usual method of dealing with this problem is sporadic catheterization save it is an invasive procedure that is not only a cause for discomfort for the patie nt, added personify to healthcare and demands more time from the nurses. Aside from all these problems, catheterization can also cause urinary tract in exerciseation or UTI. in that respect is therefore the need to have another alternative solution to urinary retention and distention. One of the most practical solutions is the use of a Bladder ScanIt was determined that in postoperative care the effects of anesthesia and medication can cause distention. The patient loses the ability to feel that his or her bladder is already full and therefore realizes that it is time to empty the bladder. There is no need to elaborate on the fact that if this will continue then there would be harmful effects on the body as the bladder is a tuition component of the excretory system of rules. Without the capability to void then the patient will increase the risk of developing complications. The solution was to use catheterization. This is a procedure where tubes are inserted into the urethra of the patient.This is a painful process not to mention that it can reduce the patient especially those who are not comfortable with the procedure. Aside from that the procedure is known to be the major cause of urinary tract infections. As a foreign object is inserted into the human body there is an increase in the probability that microorganisms can also be introduced into the system. This is the modestness why the rate of infections shoots up whenever catheterization is regularly used in postoperative care. Health workers created a solution to this problem and it is to apply timed intermittent catheterization. This simply means that a catheter is not permanently attached to the patient but only in a prescribed time. The period when it is optimal to insert a catheter can be carve up into devil. The first one is called delinquent to void meaning that after a long period of time the bladder can be expected to be full. The second time when catheterization is expected is called void with quietus this means that the patient was able to empty the bladder but there is still a residual and since there is no way to determine the exact volume of the residual, catheterization is need.The solution therefore is ultrasound technology. This al minuscules for the accurate assessment of bladder volume to determine if catheterization is required or not. The Bladder Scan comes in two models the Bladder Volume Instrument BVI 2000 and BVI 2500. It uses ultrasound technology and this simply means that the thingmabob emits waves in the like way that a submarine uses sonar or a bat emits sound to determine the distance and shape of solid objects that cannot be seen by the in the raw eye.Therefore, when the Bladder Scan is placed near the bladder area the machine can generate a three dimensional im board that will allow the health care worker to assess bladder volume. If there is a way for an accurate assessment of bladder volume then the number of catheterization can be redu ced and therefore one can also reduce the rate of infections, the cost of treating UTI, and increase the productivity of nurses. 1. What is the study problem?Intermittent catheterization is the major intervention used to ensure that the bladder is emptied in due to void cases and in cases where there is postvoid residual and yet incomplete emptying has occurred. But there is one only problem, catheterization increases the rate of UTI. It is also a waste of nurses time and effort not to mention that patients complain of psychological and physical discomfort when catheterization is used. There is therefore a need to find a way to minimize un needful catheterization.A bladder scan VBI 2500 will be tested for its effectivity and efficiency in ordinal postoperative populations. 2. What is the study purpose? It was determined that one possible solution is to use bedside bladder ultrasound technology, specifically, the BVI 2500 Bladder Volume Instrument. In this regard the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of ultrasound assessment of bladder volume on patient and cost outcomes for patients needing postoperative catheterization. 3. Is the belles-lettres review presented?Previous studies were identified and cited as a basis for the research. The most significant review of literature was a study do using a similar instrument. Ouslander and associates were cited as having performed an experiment using the Bladder Volume Instrument BVI 2000 and BVI 2500. The relevance of the review of literature was also seen in the preaching on the accuracy of the BVI 2000 and BVI 2500 in measuring bladder volume. It can also be seen from the discussion of the accuracy of the instrument when measuring postvoid residual.Aside from the relevance of the literature it was also ascertained that the references were current. Moreover, the author did not only discuss what were the pertinent information that can be found in the said references but also critiqued the said studi es by saying that although results favor the use of a bladder scanner but a clinical study is needed to determine its effectiveness and cost in tertiary postoperative populations. The author was able to do this by making a summary of the current knowledge provided by the references cited.As stated earliest part of the summary includes the discussion on the success of the bladder scanner in nursing homes and in an outpatient clinic but there is no data when it comes to its effectiveness and efficiency in tertiary postoperative settings. 4. Is a study framework identified? The study framework was identified and listed in the form of research questions ? What is the accuracy of ultrasound assessment of bladder volume? ? Does ultrasound assessment of bladder volume result in less frequent catheterization for due to void and residual events?? Is there a difference in frequency of catheterization when bladder ultrasound assessment is used rather than standard catheterization procedure? ? Does ultrasound assessment of bladder volume versus standard catheterization result in decreased tract infections? ? Does ultrasound assessment of bladder fullness versus standard catheterization result in decreased health care cost? ? What is the patient and staff satisfaction with bladder ultrasound technology? 5. Are research objectives, questions or hypotheses used to demand the conduct of the study?The aforementioned research objectives can be used to direct the conduct of the study. Its main focus is the determination of the accuracy and efficiency of the BVI 2500 bladder scanner in tertiary postoperative populations as well as to find out the satisfaction directs of patients and the nurses. 6. Are the major variables or concepts identified and delimitate (conceptually and operationally? Identify and define the appropriate variables. The variables were 1) the number of catheterizations avoided 2)infection rates 3) cost analysis of catheter acquisition and 4) patient/provid er satisfaction.The dependent variable is the number of catheterizations succession the independent variable is the use of the bladder scanner as a tool to assess bladder fullness. Another dependent variable is the rate of UTI infections, the cost analysis of catheterization equipment and the satisfaction of patient and provider. 7. What attribute or demographic variables are examined in the study? An example of a demographic variable is the age of the subjects, age and surgical procedure that they had to go through. 8. Is the research design clearly addressed?The research design was clearly addressed because the author made clear from the attack that this study is about an intervention, specifically the avoidance of catheterization which in turn will reduce the rate of infections. The author was also able to clarify how this can be achieved by using a bladders scanner and for the control class the use of straight timed intermittent catheterization. The subjects were not randoml y assigned there was a deliberate plan to use four surgical units as data collection sites. From these four surgical units the proponents of the study divided the 132 samples into two groups.The first group contains 50 samples who had urologic, colon and gynecologic surgery while the second group contains 82 having total joint replacement and spine surgery. It is clear that the subjects were divided ground on the type of surgeries that they went through. An explanation for this can be extracted from the review of literature wherein it says that bladder distention can be caused by anesthesia and medication. Thus, in put together to minimize error it is best to group the subjects into the type of surgery that they went through.But this type of grouping can result in the creation of extraneous variables. For instance even though there are surgeries that fall under general surgery such as urology and operation on the colon these two deal with different parts of the body. Urology for instance deal with the urinary tracts of males and females therefore it can have an effect on the bladder or the rate of infections in the urinary tracts of the patients. Another extraneous variable is the skill level of the nurses that were assigned to operate the bladder scanner.There were no pilot studies conducted beforehand. All the necessary information needed for the design of the study were taken from the review of related literature. 9. Are the spare-time activity elements of the sample described? The inclusion criteria includes patients who had undergone general and orthopaedic surgery. excision criteria includes patients that had dermal ulcers, nephrotomy, obesity, confirmed pregnancy, in incision in a location that precludes ultrasound exam, or a known pelvic mass greater than 2 cm.The sampling frame includes only those who are patients in a particular large tertiary care hospital chosen by the proponents and satisfy the following conditions ? they had undergone genera l surgery or ? they had undergone orthopaedic surgery. Based on the sample frame the sample size was determined to be 132. Power analysis was make after the experiment. The proponents wanted to find out if there age, gender and type of surgery had an effect on the test results. They were able to determine that only age and type of surgery had an impact on the test results whereas there was no significant difference when it comes to gender.With the general surgical unit all were approved but with the orthopedic surgical unit only 53 was approved and therefor the attrition rate for the orthopaedic surgical unit was 39%. Before the patients were allowed to record in the experiment the hospitals Human Subjects Review Board had to approve the study protocol and all patients who had the stated surgeries and were due to void or void with residual assessment were screened for exclusion criteria and then approached for consent. All consenting patients on the general surgical unit were clea red to undergo ultrasound assessment of bladder volume.Those who were approved to participate from the orthopaedic surgical unit were catheterized or assessed with the ultrasound technology. The setting was appropriate for the conduct of the study because it is a large tertiary postoperative facility and that the patients under their care needed to be catheterized especially those who are due to void or void with residual. 10. Are the measurements strategies described? The study used the Likert format having five anchors ranging from not satisfied to very satisfied.This measurement strategy was developed by Rensis Likert and this was used to determine the level of satisfaction entangle by the patient as well as the provider when it comes to the usage of bladder scanner. Another measurement strategy utilized in the study was the t-test, chi Square and Pearson correlation. The t-test and Chi Square were used to examine difference between groups while the Pearson correlation was used to examine relationships between two variables. In the Likert system the level of measurement was ordinal. While the rest of the measurement strategies that were used in the study, the level of measurement was a ratio.The measurement strategies used in this study were all reliable especially when it was reinforced by the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences a computer program that allows for quick but accurate computations. In the previous study or the experiment described in the literature review, the proponents used Test-Retest Reliability measurement. This measurement strategy is not as reliable as the measurement strategies used in the current study. It is simply a retesting of the same subjects but at a different time period.If the design of the experiment was blemish to begin with the Test-Retest Reliability measurement will not be able to determine this type of error. 11. How were study procedures implemented and date collected during the study? The study procedures were implemented using standard timed intermittent catheterization protocol as well as ultrasound protocols. In the former there was a strict schedule to be followed and in the latter bladder scanners were used to assess bladder volume and from there make a decision to catheterize the patient or refrain from doing so. 12.What statistical analyses are included in the research report? The Statistical Package fro the Social Sciences was used for analysis and an alpha level of 0. 5 was chosen as a level of significance. 13. What is the researchers interpretation of the findings? The researcher was pleased with the findings. Aside from the fact that the proponent was very sure-footed of the reliability and accuracy of the data, the result also closely resembled the results of previous studies as seen in the literature review. 14. Are the limitations of the study identified by the researcher?The researchers were able to point out the limitations of the study. First of all ther e was a problem with the sampling. The sample size was very small and because of this predicament the proponent of the stud was unable to make random selection of patients. For instance there were 50 patients in the general surgical unit and everyone were included in the experiment. There were also other component parts that needed to be tested such as the type of surgeries that the subjects went through were varied especially in the general surgery group. 15.What conclusions did the researcher identify found on this study and previous research? The proponent of the study was able to determine that ultrasound technology is an accurate and efficient way to assess bladder volume. But they were also able to ascertain that it would be better if a portable scanner will be used instead of a bigger and bulkier machine. 16. How does the researcher generalize the findings? The researcher made the generalization that the Bladder scanner is accurate and efficient. This is based on the resul ts that say it was able to detect even low levels of urine in the void with residual category.Researchers were also able to generalize that patient and provider were both highly satisfied with the use of the Bladder digital scanner. 17. What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? This device can definitely help health workers to maximize their time and be more efficient. Standard timed intermittent catheterization requires for the insertion of a catheter on a regular basis and this will easily consume their time as well as increase the discomfort of the patients. 18. What suggestions are made for further studies? There is a need to look into the age difference of the subjects.The researcher pointed out that age is a demographic factor that is significantly related to number of catheterizations required. In future studies there is a need to have a larger sample to so that the age of the subjects can be varied. 19. What are the missing elements of the study? One miss ing element is that there was no discussion regarding the warranty of the device. There was a generalization that it is cost-effective to use the Bladder Scanner because it reduced the number of catheterization, the rates of infection and reduces the time needed for nurses to take care of UTI and intermittent catheterizations.But there was no discussion regarding the ability of the Bladder Scanner to withstand repeated abuse. It was made clear that it would take 2. 9 years of continuous usage before one can recover the investment on the Bladder Scanner, there is a need to know if it is sturdy enough to last beyond a three-year period. 20. Is the explanation of the study sufficiently clear to allow for replication? The description of the study is sufficiently clear to allow for replication. The protocols that were established beforehand is a major reason why this study can be replicated.The study conducted by Frederickson et al. was able to show the need for a Bladder Scanner or sim ilar device in postoperative care. The bladder distention that will be experienced by the patients can cause complications and health problems if appropriate measures will not be taken. The traditional solution which is to insert a catheter into the urethra of the patient is no longer a viable option because it increases patient discomfort as well as increases the rate of infections.The innovate solution of using standard time intermittent catheterization is not a very good solution because it still cannot eliminate the problems discussed earlier although it can slightly reduce the total amount of time that catheterization is used. The solution therefore is to use ultrasound technology such as the Bladder Scanner that will accurately and efficiently assess bladder volume. The accurate assessment will lead to the reduced usage of catheterization in postoperative care this will also allow for the reduction in the rates of infection, the cost of treating UTI, increase the efficiency of the nurses.This will ease the burden of the nurses and make them more effective in focusing on other tasks this will also ease the psychological and physical discomfort of the patients. References Frederickson, M. et al. The Implementation of Bedside Bladder Ultrasound Technology Effects on Patient and Cost postoperative Outcomes in Tertiary Care. Orthopaedic Nursing. 19(3) 79-87. Warner, A. J. et al. Postoperative Bladder Distention Measurement with Bladder Ultrasonograph. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing 15(1) 20-5.

A comparison of Haydn and Beethoven Essay

Franz Josef Haydn and Ludwig van van Beethoven are two of the greatest classical composers in the history of music, rivaled solely by the masterly Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Beethoven, who was much younger than Haydn, moved to Vienna when he was young to study under Haydn. However, due to Haydns increasing age, and Beethovens increasing temper, the lessons only lasted for a little over a year. The lessons, if only for a short peak, clearly left a mark on Beethoven, as target be lookn in his compositions. Make no mistake, however,Haydn and Beethoven were not carbon copies of one another. When comparing compositions of the two composers, namely Haydns harmony No. 95 in C minor and Beethovens symphony No. 5, the two composers differ in various areas, including form, composition, tonality, orchestral structure, and the overall effect their work had on the audience. The only way to truly recognize the similarities of these two legendary composers is to delve into their music, compari ng them driveway-by- driving force of the two aforementioned cuts. Only then will we truly understand what makes Haydn and Beethoven so similar, yet so incompatible.The prototypical movement of both pieces start disclose in their own special way. Haydns piece starts out loudly with a quick timpani strike accompanied by the strings, followed by an almost somber sounding melody in C-minor. The fleck theme of Haydns first movement is much more cheerful sounding as it is in C-major. After the exposition is finished, Haydn goes through an eventful developmental period followed by recapitulation. Beethovens first movement starts out with the infamous short-short-short-long, which is then repeated. This becomes the motive of Beethovens piece, which can found intertwined throughout the entire piece.The intertwining of this single motive creates a consistency throughout the entire symphony making all four movements feel as one. Although Beethoven may reserve not intentionally tried to do this, as it was never really done before, it really gives the symphony a special sound as a whole, some function that Haydns symphony no. 95 lacked. Beethovens first movement is sonata form, something that he inherited from Haydn, and starts out in C-minor, just as symphony no. 95 does. The first theme of Symphony no. 5 is made up of imitations and sequences of those first 4 interdict, which give off a tense, conflicted feel. The turn theme ofBeethovens first movement is much more lyrical than the first theme. Here Beethoven all told changes keys to E-flat, rather than simply switching to a major tonality alike(p) Haydn does.In the plump for movement, however, Haydn starts out in E-flat major. The second movement, as per usual, is a much slower piece to contrast the strong, fast, first piece. Haydn uses a series of magnetic declinations in this movement to keep the audience attentive, switching between major and minor tonalities from time to time. The amount of variation i n this second movement is extensive, and really adds a lot to the movement. Beethovens second movement is in A-flat major and opens with two themes being presented, which are then change in alternations. The second theme of this movement incorporates a harmony that features the clarinets, which are present due to Beethovens expansion of the orchestra over Haydn. Other instruments that Beethoven uses that Haydn does not in these symphonies are the piccolo, contrabassoon, and trumpets.By expanding his orchestra, Beethoven is able to create a larger, more diverse sound than Haydn is able to do. Beethovens second movement includes a 3rd theme that has thirty-second notes played by the strings with a counter phrase being played in the winds simultaneously, and the movement ends loudly in fortissimo, with many crescendos. Although these two composers first movements were somewhat similar in form and style, it is clear in the second movement that were starting to see the similarities morp h into differences between the two composers, which continues into the ordinal movement.Haydns third movement follows the prototypical minuet, trio, minuet form. However, this is a stylized dance piece, rather than an actual dance piece due to Haydn throwing in little twists that would throw off any attempted ballroom dance. The minuet returns to the original tonality of C-minor, while the trio switches to C-major.The trio form consists completely of even eighth notes played by a solo cello, which Haydn included to satisfy his audience in London. Beethoven does something very different in his third movement, as he forgoes the typical minuet-trio-minuet form for the scherzo-trio-scherzo form. Scherzo, which translates to joke in Italian, is derived from the minuet. The main difference is that scherzo form is played much more playfully and somewhat humorously, like a joke. Beethoven, like Haydn, returns to the starting tonality of C-minor for this movement. At the end, the short-shor t-short-long motive from the beginning of the symphony returns, and begins to take over the piece as it moves directly into the fourth movement without any hesitation.The fourth movements of these two symphonies also differ in form, as Haydn chooses to go with a rondo form while Beethoven chooses a variation of the sonata form. Haydns rondo form allows the music to transition beautifully into the finale. Haydns finale consists of loud, furious music including brass fanfares that is starkly different than a formula classical finale. Beethovens fourth movement is a fast, unusual sonata that begins immediately following the third movement. His finale is played in C-major, and consists of 29 bars of chords played in fortissimo. These chords allow Beethoven to conclude the symphony by ending the tension that has been furiously building throughout the entire piece. Beethovens incredible finale, as with Haydns, are perfect endings to these two monumental symphonies that surely leave a las ting effect on their respective audiences.As can be seen throughout Haydns symphony no. 95 and Beethovens symphony no. 5, the two composers were very similar, yet very different from one another. Beethoven uses a lot of what he learned from his time with Haydn, but is able to expand on those ideals and create something of his own being. His ideals, however, are well built off of the foundations that Haydn paved for him, which is a benefit from being the student rather than the teacher. Even through all of the differences in the two symphonies, such as Beethovens expansion of his orchestra or Haydns refusal to stray form minuet form in the third movement, these two composers share one main thing in common, and that is their ability to create beautiful pieces of art that wont be soon forgotten in the minds, and the hearts, of their listeners.

Republic Act Essay

SECTION II POLICYIt is the policy of the state, consistent with the Constitution to promote the general welfare, to safeguard the interest of the in and out of school young person and the entire young populace. For this purpose, the government shall institute a balance policy whereby the use of technology such as internet cafs television systemgame shops and the likes, be regulate in order to promote education and preserve the culture of Filipinos and at the same time ensure that the interest of business organization and stakeholder are not adversely compromised.SECTION III PURPOSEIt is the main thrust of this Act toA. Prevent minors especially the student from hanging out at some cyberspace cafs and videogame shop/centers and other related establishments thereby promoting the sphere of education B. Prevent the youth from excessively playing videogames thereby shielding them from becoming video game addict which cause the commission of crime by reason of desperation for m nonpare ily to feed their habit C. Protect the minor for being the purpose of sexual exploration by paedophiles, foreign or localSECTION IV DEFINITION OF TERMSAs used in this Act, the following shall sozzledA.PERSON- refers to an individual, partnership, corporation or any other business or legal entity B.MINOR- refers to a person below 18 years old. C.INTERNET- refers to the worldwide system of electronic electronic computer networks in which a user at any computer can directly get information from any other computer in the network. D.INTERNET CAF- a place of business that has a number of networked personal computers with access to the internet for surfing, chatting, e-mailing and research this is available for use by customers for fee by the hour of portion of an hour. The business establishment whitethorn or may not be serving coffee, and/or similar beverages. Also included are cyber caf, arcades, and lounges.E. electronic computer RENTAL SHOP- refers to a business establishment wit h two (2) or more computer units that offers internet service, typing, printing services and caper shop center. F.COMPUTER GAMING SHOP OR CENTER- refers to a establishment with two or more computers committed on a local area network that exclusively offers either online games (connected to the internet) or LAN games (not connected to the internet). G.SCHOOL DAYS- refers to the regular working days of the week, Monday to Friday exclusive legal and special holidays.SECTION V PHOHIBITED ACTSThe owner/proprietor/manager/attendant of internet cafs or computer rental shops/computer gaming shop or center shall be strictly prohibited from admitting or allowing minors, during school hours and school days to a) take down into such establishment,b) Use the computer facilities in such establishments.It shall not be a defence for the owner, proprietor, manage, partner and attendant that he/she did not know or was not aware of the real of the minor. Neither shall it be a defence that he/she did not know nor any reason to believe that the minor is the one using the computer is an instance accompanied by an adult. If said establishment is owned by partnership or corporation, the managing partner, or the president of the corporation shall be jointly held criminally liable as conspirator with the person admitting or allowing such a minor.SECTION VI AUTHORIZED RESEARCH/ACTIVITY FOR educational PURPOSES A. Any establishment makeed above allowing minor to enter said establishment during school days for purposes of research shall not be covered by this Act, fork up that the minor shall carry a school identification and clearance or permit signed by the principal or teacher in bearing concerned to be presented to said establishment otherwise admission refusal is a must.B. For minors belongs to the out-of school youth or those who does not have school identification, they may enter and use the computer facilities provide it is not within or during school hours and with the writ ten approval from from their parents.SECTION VII PRESUMPTION OF ADMISSIONUnless prove otherwise, minors found inside such establishments is prima facie proof that the owner, management, partner, attendant has consented or permitted entry thereof.SECTION VIII DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNERSHIP, PROPRIETOR, MANAGEMENT OF INTERNET CAFES OR COMPUTER RENTAL SHOP/COMPUTER GAMING SHOP CENTEROwners, proprietor/management and attendants of internet cafes or computer rental shop/computer gaming shop are required to perform and undertake the following measure in their operation a. Ensure strictly that no person below legal age age enters the said establishment during school days and school hours b. Ensure strictly that no person below majority age uses a computer in the said establishment during school days and school hours c. Permanently post a signage outside and inside the establishment showing the following asseveration in a clear and conspicuous manner OFF-LIMITS TO MINORS. SECTI ON IX POOF OF AGE VERIFICATIONIn case of doubt as to the age of the client/costumer, the owner, manager or attendants shall verify, by means of any valid form of photographic identification containing the date of birth of the bearer otherwise refuse admission so as to ensure that no person below the age of majority enters the said establishment. SECTION X REGULAR review article and POLICE VISIBILITYPhilippine National Police in the locality shall conduct regular inspection and police visibility in the above mention establishment during their business hours to ensure compliance with this Act and make a semi-annual written report to the DSWD and NYC in the area. SECTION XI PENALTIESThe following are the penalties for the entrancement of any provision of this Act a) For 1st offense- a fine of P50,000 for violation of any of the provision of this Act b) For 2nd offense- fine of P100,000 and/or revocation of business permit and licence to operate, and closure of the establishment or bo th at the discretion of the court. SECTION XII IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONThe DSWD in coordination with the National Youth equip shall formulate the necessary implementing rules and regulations for the efficient implementation of this Act. SECTION XII SEPARABILITY CLAUSEShould any section or provision of this Act be declared as unconstitutional or invalid, other provisions which are not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.

Little White Lies

Shannon Law LITTLE WHITE LIES Have you ever told a lie to close tobody? After telling that lie, did you feel wrong-doingy about it? Most of the time, batch feel guilty or bad if they express their admit opinion about something. Telling the truth is always essential for us in everyday life. We can be trusted by former(a) people and at the same time, be able to express and support our own opinions. Honesty can never hurt anyone more than you fable to them. Why did you designate Abraham Lincoln was nicknamed Honest Abe? Because he believed that honesty is the best policy.Telling the truth is the most important thing to do. It is better to tell the truth, admit your mistakes, and move on. pot should tell the truth all the time to feel more comfortable. Telling the truth makes life so much simpler without having to worry about anything and without having to lag that guilt around thats trapped inside your body. People appreciate this quality, and that gives value to us. People who tell the truth become more appreciated by other people. We have to keep a good image of ourselves. In order to do that, we must be honest in all situations.If a somebody lied to you, and you instal out that he lied, would you ever trust that psyche again? Besides, when you tell the truth, its easier to support your own idea or opinions because you take overt have to create a completely made up story. People who lie invent a huge history and when you ask them some details, theyre quickly lost in the explanation and they forget some details to make their lie understandable. A good example of a person who thinks that it is essential to telling the truth is Abraham Lincoln. Do you know why Abraham Lincoln was nicknamed Honest Abe? It is said that the roots of this nickname start in his early work life. As a young man, Abraham Lincoln worked as a general store clerk. On evening, he was counting money in the drawers later on closing and found that he was a few cents over what should have been in the drawer. When he realized that he had accidentally short-changed a customer introductory that day, Lincoln walked a long distance to return the money to the customer. On another occasion, Lincoln discovered that he had given a woman to a fault little tea for her money.He put what he owed her in a package and ad hominemly delivered it to the woman, who never even realized that she was not given the good amount of tea until Lincoln showed up at her doorstep Lincoln carried his regard for the truth through his years at the White House. He himself was late sincere. During the civil war, President Lincoln stated, I haint been caught lying yet, and I dont mean to be. To Lincoln, the truth was not worth sacrificing for any gain, no matter how large that gain may have been.Honestly is good because, for example if you sneaked out in the middle of the night to meet up with your friends and your parents found out, wouldnt they expect you to come home and explain everythin g to them truthfully? Wouldnt they be even angry at you if you lied to their faces? My cousin had a personal experience with this. It happened in the summer of 2010. My cousin, crystallisation, and her friends decided to sneak out. Crystal knew that it was wrong but she ended up going anyway. She and her friends decided to go to a club. Crystal and her friends all told their parents that they were sleeping over another persons abide.My aunt (Crystals mom) actually ended up calling Nicoles (Crystals friend) house to check up on Crystal to see if she was there. Unfortunately, she wasnt. While having the best time dancing at the club, Crystal felt a tap on her shoulder, she turned around and this person asked, Can I have this dance? That person ended up being her dad. Crystal and her friends immediately stopped, looked at to each one other and thought, Oh no. All of their parents knew that something was up and somehow put the pieces of the puzzles together and found out where they were.When she got home, her parents were very disappointed with the fact that she lied. Crystal ended up being ground for two weeks. This was the situation where I learned that honestly is the best policy and that lying will get you into more trouble. In conclusion, lying is lying. The part when lying is very bad is when it is deceitful. When you lie too much, nobody will believe you when you actually tell the truth. Your character will always be in question. You will also be known as the liar and people will never know if what you say can be true. equivocation makes you untrustworthy and diminishes your character.

Twilight 18. THE HUNT

18. THE HUNTThey emerged one by one from the forest butt on, ranging a dozen meters apart. The first male into the clearing fell top immediately, allowing the other male to take the front, orienting himself some the tall, dark- haired man in a manner that clearly displayed who led the convey. The third was a charr from this distance, all I could see of her was that her hair was a startling shade of red.They closed ranks before they continued cautiously toward Edwardsfamily, exhibiting the natural respect of a plenty of predators as it encounters a larger, unfamiliar group of its own kind.As they approached, I could see how different they were from the Cullens. Their walk was catlike, a gait that seemed constantly on the edge of shifting into a crouch. They dressed in the ordinary gear of backpackers jeans and casual button- kill shirts in heavy, weatherproof fabrics. The clothes were frayed, though, with wear, and they were barefoot. Both men had cropped hair, but the womans h opeful orange hair was filled with leaves and debris from the woods.Their sharp eyes carefully took in the more polished, urbane stance of Carlisle, who, flanked by Emmett and Jasper, footprintped guardedly forward to converge them. With unwrap any seeming communication between them, they each straightened into a more casual, erect bearing.The man in front was easily the most(prenominal) beautiful, his skin olive-toned on a lower floor the typical pallor, his hair a glossy black. He was of a medium build, hard-muscled, of course, but nothing next to Emmetts brawn. He smiled an easy smile, exposing a flash of glare white teeth.The woman was wilder, her eyes shifting restlessly between the men facing her, and the loose grouping around me, her chaotic hair quivering in the slight breeze. Her posture was distinctly feline. The second male hovered unobtrusively behind them, slighter than the leader, his light brown hair and regular features both nondescript. His eyes, though complete ly unagitated, in some manner seemed the most vigilant.Their eyes were different, too. Not the gold or black I had come to expect, but a deep burgundy color that was disturbing and sinister.The dark-haired man, sleek over smiling, stepped toward Carlisle.We thought we heard a game, he said in a relaxed voice with the slightest of French accents. Im Laurent, these are Victoria and crowd to give wayher. He gestured to the vampires beside him.Im Carlisle. This is my family, Emmett and Jasper, Rosalie, Esme and Alice, Edward and Bella. He pointed us off in groups, deliberately not calling attention to individuals. I felt a shock when he said my name.Do you have room for a few more players? Laurent asked sociably.Carlisle matched Laurents friendly tone. Actually, we were just finishing up. But wed certainly be interested other time. Are you planning to stay in the theatre of operations for massive?Were headed north, in fact, but we were curious to see who was in the neighborhood. We havent run into any company in a long time.No, this region is usually waste except for us and the occasional visitor, like yourselves.The tense atmosphere had slowly subsided into a casual conversation I guessed that Jasper was using his peculiar gift to lock the situation.Whats your hunting range? Laurent casually inquired.Carlisle ignored the assumption behind the inquiry. The Olympic Range here, up and down the Coast Ranges on occasion. We keep a fixed residence nearby. Theres another permanent settlement like ours up near Denali.Laurent rocked back on his heels slightly.Permanent? How do you manage that? There was honest queerness in his voice.Why dont you come back to our home with us and we can talk comfortably? Carlisle invited. Its a rather long story.James and Victoria interchange a surprised look at the mention of the wordhome, but Laurent controlled his style better.That sounds very interesting, and welcome. His smile was genial. Weve been on the hunt all the wa y down from Ontario, and we havent had the chance to clean up in a while. His eyes moved appreciatively over Carlisles refined appearance.Please dont take offense, but wed appreciate it if youd refrain from hunting in this immediate area. We have to stay inconspicuous, you understand, Carlisle explained.Of course. Laurent nodded. We certainly wont encroach on your territory. We just ate outside of Seattle, anyway, he laughed. A shiver ran up my spine.Well show you the way if youd like to run with us Emmett and Alice, you can go with Edward and Bella to subscribe the Jeep, he casually added.Three things seemed to happen simultaneously while Carlisle was speaking. My hair ruffled with the light breeze, Edward stiffened, and the second male, James, suddenly whipped his head around, scrutinizing me, his nostrils flaring.A swift rigidity fell on all of them as James lurched one step forward into a crouch. Edward bared his teeth, crouching in defense, a feral snarl ripping from his thr oat.It was nothing like the playful sounds Id heard from him this morning it was the single most menacing thing I had ever heard, and chills ran from the crown of my head to the back of my heels.Whats this? Laurent exclaimed in open surprise. Neither James nor Edward relaxed their aggressive poses. James feinted slightly to the side, and Edward shifted in response.Shes with us. Carlisles firm rebuff was directed toward James. Laurent seemed to catch my scent less powerfully than James, but awareness right off dawned on his face.You brought a snack? he asked, his expression incredulous as he took an involuntary step forward.Edward snarled even more ferociously, harshly, his lip curling high above his glistening, bared teeth. Laurent stepped back again.I said shes with us, Carlisle corrected in a hard voice.But shes human, Laurent protested. The words were not at all aggressive, merely astounded.Yes. Emmett was very more in indorse at Carlisles side, his eyes on James. James slowly straightened out of his crouch, but his eyes never left me, his nostrils still wide. Edward stayed tensed like a king of beasts in front of me.When Laurent spoke, his tone was soothing trying to defuse the sudden hostility. It appears we have a lot to learn about each other.Indeed. Carlisles voice was still cool.But wed like to accept your invitation. His eyes flicked toward me and back to Carlisle. And, of course, we will not harm the human girl. We wont hunt in your range, as I said.James glanced in disbelief and aggravation at Laurent and exchanged another brief look with Victoria, whose eyes still flickered edgily from face to face.Carlisle measured Laurents open expression for a second before he spoke. Well show you the way. Jasper, Rosalie, Esme? he called. They gathitherd to puther, blocking me from view as they converged. Alice was instantly at my side, and Emmett fell back slowly, his eyes locked on James as hebacked toward us.Lets go, Bella. Edwards voice was low and b leak.This whole time Id been rooted in place, terrified into absolute immobility. Edward had to grip my elbow and pull shrewdly to break my trance. Alice and Emmett were close behind us, hiding me. I stumbled alongside Edward, still stunned with fear. I couldnt hear if the main group had left yet. Edwards impatience was nigh tangible as we moved at human speed to the forest edge. at one time we were into the trees, Edward slung me over his back without breaking stride. I gripped as tightly as possible as he took off, the others close on his heels. I kept my head down, but my eyes, wide with fright, wouldnt close. They plunged through the now-black forest like wraiths. The sense of agitation that usually seemed to possess Edward as he ran was completely absent, replaced by a fury that consumed him and drove him still faster. Even with me on his back, the others trailed behind.We reached the Jeep in an impossibly short time, and Edward barely slowed as he flung me in the backseat.St rap her in, he ordered Emmett, who slid in beside me.Alice was already in the front seat, and Edward was starting the engine. It roared to life and we swerved backward, revolve around to face the winding road.Edward was growling something too fast for me to understand, but it sounded a lot like a string of profanities.The jolting trip was frequently worse this time, and the darkness only made it more frightening. Emmett and Alice both glared out the side windows.We hit the main road, and though our speed increased, I could see much better where we were going. And we were headed south, away from Forks.Where are we going? I asked.No one answered. No one even looked at me.Dammit, Edward Where are you taking me?We have to witness you away from here far away now. He didnt look back, his eyes on the road. The speedometer read a hundred and five miles an hour.Turn around You have to take me home I shouted. I struggled with the stupid harness, tearing at the straps.Emmett, Edward said grimly.And Emmett secured my hands in his steely grasp.No Edward No, you cant do this.I have to, Bella, now gratify be quiet.I wont You have to take me back Charlie will call the FBI Theyll be all over your family Carlisle and Esme Theyll have to leave, to becloud foreverCalm down, Bella. His voice was cold. Weve been there before.Not over me, you dont Youre not ruining everything over me I struggled violently, with total futility.Alice spoke for the first time. Edward, pull over.He flashed her a hard look, and thusly sped up.Edward, lets just talk this through.You dont understand, he roared in frustration. Id never heard his voice so loud it was deafening in the edge of the Jeep. The speedometer neared one hundred and fifteen. Hes a tracker, Alice, did you see that? Hes a trackerI felt Emmett stiffen next to me, and I wondered at his reaction to the word. It meant something more to the iii of them than it did to me I wanted to understand, but there was no opening for me to a sk.Pull over, Edward. Alices tone was reasonable, but there was a ring of authority in it Id never heard before.The speedometer inched passed one-twenty.Do it, Edward.Listen to me, Alice. I saw his mind. Tracking is his passion, his obsession and he wants her, Alice her, specifically. He begins the hunt tonight.He doesnt know where -He discontinue her. How long do you think it will take him to cross her scent in town? His plan was already set before the words were out of Laurents mouth.I gasped, knowing where my scent would lead. Charlie You cant leave him there You cant leave him I thrashed against the harness.Shes right, Alice said.The car slowed slightly.Lets just look at our options for a twinkling, Alice coaxed.The car slowed again, more noticeably, and then suddenly we screeched to a stop on the shoulder of the highway. I flew against the harness, and then slammed back into the seat.There are no options, Edward hissed.Im not leaving Charlie I yelled.He ignored me completel y.We have to take her back, Emmett at last spoke.No. Edward was absolute.Hes no match for us, Edward. He wont be able to touch her.Hell wait.Emmett smiled. I can wait, too.You didnt see you dont understand. Once he commits to a hunt, hes unshakable. Wed have to kill him.Emmett didnt seem upset by the idea. Thats an option.And the female. Shes with him. If it turns into a fight, the leader will go with them, too.There are enough of us.Theres another option, Alice said quietly.Edward saturnine on her in fury, his voice a blistering snarl. There is no other optionEmmett and I both stared at him in shock, but Alice seemed unsurprised. The silence lasted for a long minute as Edward and Alice stared each other down.I broke it. Does anyone want to hear my plan?No, Edward growled. Alice glared at him, finally provoked.Listen, I pleaded. You take me back.No, he interrupted.I glared at him and continued. You take me back. I tell my dad I want to go home to Phoenix. I pack my bags. We w ait till this tracker is watching, and then we run. Hell follow us and leave Charlie alone. Charlie wont call the FBI on your family. Then you can take me any damned place you want.They stared at me, stunned.Its not a bad idea, really. Emmetts surprise was definitely an insult.It might work and we simply cant leave her father unprotected. You know that, Alice said.Everyone looked at Edward.Its too dangerous I dont want him within a hundred miles of her.Emmett was supremely confident. Edward, hes not getting through us.Alice thought for a minute. I dont see him attacking. Hell try to wait for us to leave her alone.It wont take long for him to realize thats not going to happen.I demand that you take me home. I tried and true to sound firm.Edward pressed his fingers to his temples and squeezed his eyes shut.Please, I said in a much smaller voice.He didnt look up. When he spoke, his voice sounded worn.Youre leaving tonight, whether the tracker sees or not. You tell Charlie that you c ant stand another minute in Forks. Tell him whatever story works. Pack the first things your hands touch, and then get in your truck. I dont care what he says to you. You have fifteen minutes. Do you hear me? Fifteen minutes from the time you cross the doorstep.The Jeep rumbled to life, and he spun us around, the tires squealing. The needle on the speedometer started to race up the dial.Emmett? I asked, looking pointedly at my hands.Oh, sorry. He let me loose.A few minutes passed in silence, other than the roar of the engine. Then Edward spoke again.This is how its going to happen. When we get to the house, if the tracker is not there, I will walk her to the door. Then she has fifteen minutes. He glared at me in the rearview mirror. Emmett, you take the outside of the house. Alice, you get the truck. Ill be inside as long as she is. After shes out, you two can take the Jeep home and tell Carlisle.No way, Emmett broke in. Im with you.Think it through, Emmett. I dont know how long Ill be gone.Until we know how far this is going to go, Im with you.Edward sighed. If the tracker is there, he continued grimly, we keep driving.Were going to move in it there before him, Alice said confidently.Edward seemed to accept that. Whatever his fuss with Alice was, he didnt doubt her now.What are we going to do with the Jeep? she asked.His voice had a hard edge. Youre driving it home.No, Im not, she said calmly.The unintelligible stream of profanities started again.We cant all tot up in my truck, I whispered.Edward didnt appear to hear me.I think you should let me go alone, I said even more quietly.He heard that.Bella, please just do this my way, just this once, he said between clenched teeth.Listen, Charlies not an imbecile, I protested. If youre not in town tomorrow, hes going to get suspicious.Thats irrelevant. Well make sure hes safe, and thats all that matters.Then what about this tracker? He saw the way you acted tonight. Hes going to think youre with me, wherever you are.Emmett looked at me, insultingly surprised again. Edward, listen to her, he urged. I think shes right.Yes, she is, Alice agreed.I cant do that. Edwards voice was icy.Emmett should stay, too, I continued. He definitely got an eyeful of Emmett.What? Emmett turned on me.Youll get a better crack at him if you stay, Alice agreed.Edward stared at her incredulously. You think I should let her go alone?Of course not, Alice said. Jasper and I will take her.I cant do that, Edward repeated, but this time there was a trace of defeat in his voice. The logic was working on him.I tried to be persuasive. Hang out here for a workweek - I saw his expression in the mirror and amended - a few days. Let Charlie see you havent kidnapped me, and lead this James on a wild-goose chase. perplex sure hes completely off my trail. Then come and meet me. Take a roundabout route, of course, and then Jasper and Alice can go home.I could see him line of descent to consider it.Meet you where?Phoenix. Of cours e.No. Hell hear thats where youre going, he said impatiently.And youll make it look like thats a ruse, obviously. Hell know that well know that hes listening. Hell never believe Im actually going where I say I am going.Shes diabolical, Emmett chuckled.And if that doesnt work?There are several million people in Phoenix, I informed him.Its not that hard to find a phone book.I wont go home.Oh? he inquired, a dangerous note in his voice.Im quite old enough to get my own place.Edward, well be with her, Alice reminded him.What are you going to do in Phoenix? he asked her scathingly.Stay indoors.I kind of like it. Emmett was thinking about cornering James, no doubt.Shut up, Emmett.Look, if we try to take him down while shes still around, theres a much better chance that someone will get hurt shell get hurt, or you will, trying to protect her. Now, if we get him alone He trailed off with a slow smile. I was right.The Jeep was crawling slowly along now as we drove into town. Despite my bra ve talk, I could feel the hairs on my arms standing up. I thought about Charlie, alone in the house, and tried to be courageous.Bella. Edwards voice was very soft. Alice and Emmett looked out their windows. If you let anything happen to yourself- anything at all Im holding you personally responsible. Do you understand that?Yes, I gulped.He turned to Alice.Can Jasper handle this?Give him some credit, Edward. Hes been doing very, very well, all things considered.Can you handle this? he asked.And graceful little Alice pulled back her lips in a extortionate grimace and let loose with a guttural snarl that had me cowering against the seat in terror.Edward smiled at her. But keep your opinions to yourself, he muttered suddenly.

Effective Active Listening Skills Essay

Effective energetic listening is a must in every conference process. Everyday, people engage in communication processes, but some fail to perform effective active listening skills. Neglecting this important aspect of communication can hamper communication. In the depiction clip, Planning to Promote Socially Appropriate Behavior, we see how effective active listening skills work to attain communication among the participants. Four teachers serve as participants in the video clip. They are kindergarten teachers who express the importance of teaching affective communication skills.Each teacher is given her chance to express herself to the group, while others listen intently. Notably, some(prenominal) factors affect the success of their communication process, among which is effective active listening. The communication takes place in the school. The teachers are seated a ache one edge of a long t sufficient. Although the table is long, they sit closely with each other, which makes i t easy for them to hear the one speaking. This way, they did not entertain to raise their voices or stand to be recognized ahead they speak.The environment and position of the teachers notably affect the communication process. Since there is the absence of noise, we find the environment conducive to achieving communication. Obviously, the teachers have a common concept in mind of what needs to be discussed. This is very important in every communication situation. Setting a target for the group will care hasten understanding. For instance, when holding a faculty meeting, the head should identify the agenda in advance.By doing this, concerns which are not relevant to the given topic may be avoided. Particularly in this meeting, the teachers are exchanging ideas on how to teach affective skills to students. One of the teachers expresses that most of the students she encounters do not show respect in communicating with peers. She feels that students should be taught the proper way t o approach others, including their teachers. This statement serves as the lead for other participants to discuss ways on how they incorporate affective skills in their classroom.Aside from fortune as the lead, this statement also limits the discussion to one single topic. As Lansberger (1996) line of productss, active listening requires pointing intentionally on who you are listening to in order to understand what the person is saying. This does not mean agreeing with, but rather understanding what is being said. Particularly, we can note that the teachers in the video achieve focus by speaking one by one. This makes the message come across clearly, making the flow of thought more comprehensible and organized, thus allowing for effective active listening.In the same way, this succors the audience summarize more easily the points raised. Also, according to Lansberger, active listening is present when the listener is able to repeat back in her own words what is said. This pertains to the feedback part. Before one is able to report what she listens to, there is the process of internal communication in which the person tries to digest the perceived ideas. For instance, when we are listening to a lecture, we sometimes hear ourselves repeat exactly what our teacher says.This is a characteristic of the zodiac that we are listening actively. In the video, we see that the teachers are able to follow the ideas of their colleagues. In addition, although they do not repeat what their colleague is saying, at one point, one teacher is able to complement the thought of the speaker unit. This is a sign of effective active listening, as the listener is able to construct the statement at the same time the speaker is trying to convey it. Another sign that demonstrates effective active listening is the listeners facial reaction.As one teacher speaks, we can note that others react by nodding, winking, smiling, and sometimes crimson bending slightly towards the speaker to he ar more clearly. Moreover, they take down notes while someone is speaking. Taking down notes can sometimes distract the speakers attention, thus some speakers prefer to give handouts to allow the audience to respond well during a lecture. However, in the video clip, we see that by facial expression at the speaker while writing, the teachers are still able to maintain the rapport with each other.Therefore, the gesture of taking down notes does not affect the communication process in this particular situation. Although the teachers in the video clip demonstrate evidences for effective active listening, there remain some points to be improved. In particular, the participants who have shared their views could elicit the views of one speaker who did not talk. While it is commendable for the others, especially the teacher wearing a black blouse, to share their views, it would also help if they give a chance to the other participant who has not talked.Eliciting ones opinion or asking for c larifications (i. e. , asking, What do you think? ) can help detect signs of effective active listening. Through this, the speaker can check if the audience is truly listening. When the listener responds coherently to the speakers idea, we can note active listening signs. Otherwise, the speaker should find out factors that hinder effective active listening. Such factors may include outside noise, thoughts of the listener, or language barriers.

Euglena Research Paper

The effect of inseminated water on growth of Euglena Water is a good habitat for many organisms. The pureness of water has firm effect on aquatic organism (Walter, 2008). The altering of water condition could favor for the growth of one certain organism, but less favor for opposite organisms that leads to the competing discover opposite organism by abundance of favor one . So, the result goes to decreasing of water biodiversity. Water ecology, which studies on the interaction between of biotic and abiotic factors to the growth of organism in water, is too important in order to keep the ecosystem balance.In our study, we focused on how the fertilize (nitro, phosphorus) effects on the universe of discourses of water organisms. Euglena is the mixotrophic which could entailment energy from photosynthesis, but also could kill the food to make energy (Robert. et al, 2012). From the trophic characteristic of Euglena, my hypothesis for this study was the population of Euglena would in crease in the liberal fertilize environment. The rationale for my hypothesis was Euglena could consume the food to have energy, so the rich fertilize environment was a good source for growth and likeness of Euglena, thats why their population would increase by time.The water from American river was collected for our sample. We set up three distinguishable ecosystems for organisms in three different jars control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment. First river water was added to the jar, then organisms was added and the different amount of fertilize was put last to appropriate jar. We were helped to identify individually organism under microscope. Before adding organism to ecosystems, counting sample had been done. The sampling was done every week through 3 weeks.After 3 weeks, the number of organisms of Euglena and other heterotrophic in each ecosystem was used to plot graphs and analysis. The population of Euglena in control condition increased in first two weeks, an d then it decreased. In the low and high fertilize condition the population of Euglena was very low and at the constant after 3 weeks. (Figure 1) My hypothesis was not support from result. Euglena population in the high fertilize jar didnt increase as we predicted. In contrast, the population of Euglena in the control jar increased. From our observed, there were abundant of commonalty algae in the fertilized jar.This observing was matched with the statement that the high amount of nitro and phosphor could lead to the boom of green alga, and the high production of green algae could compete out other organism in the water (N, 1999). Green alga covered on the surface of the jar that inhibited the photosynthesis of Euglena. Then other question was asked, Euglena could consume the food to make energy, but why their population didnt increase in the rich nutrient environment. Other hypothesis was stated by us in the higher fertilize condition the population of other heterotrophic would in crease.The rationale was other heterotrophic could use the food source more impelling than Euglena. Euglena didnt have enough time to convert from photoautotroph to heterotrophic mode, so they could not use the food source to growth (Hall, 1939). The second hypothesis was supported when the population of other heterotrophic first increased in fertilized water, and then by time, after food was used up, the population started to decrease (figure 2). From our results, we could conclude that fertilize which is defined as a good source for plant but could polluted the water (2008) effects on the growth of other organism.It could make the asymmetry ecosystem because of the abundance of one specie and extinct of other species. So, keeping water clean is very important task to be concerned. Figure 1 The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks. Figure 1 The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environmen t through 3 weeks. Figure 2 The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks Figure 2 The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeksLiterature Cited Dodds. K. W (2008). Fresh water ecology concept and environmental application of limnology (2nd ed. ) San Francisco Elsevier. Hall, R. P. , & Schoenborn, H. W. (1939). The question of autotrophic nutrition in Euglena gracilis. Physiol Zool, 12(1), 76-84. Sanders, R. , & Gast, R. (2012). Bacterivory by phototrophic picoplankton and nanoplankton in arctic waters. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 82(2), 242-253. Sharply. A. N,Daniel. T &Sim. T (1999). Agriculture phosphorus and eutrophication. Washington United department of Agricultural.

Automobile Industry Essay

tight demand developing due to rising incomes, increase middle class, and a young population is likely to propel India among the solid grounds top five auto-producers by 2015 Growth in export demand is to a fault come out to accelerate.Tata Nano and the upcoming Pixel have opened up the potentially large ultra low terms car segment Innovation is likely to intensify among engine technology and alternative fuels. emolument India locomote investmentsPolicy supportIndia has significant cost advantages auto firms save 10-25 per penny on operations in India compared to Europe and Latin America A large pool of skilled manpower and a growing technology base will induce great investments.The presidential term aims to develop India as a world-wide manufacturing as well as R&D hub There has been a wide array of insurance policy support in the form of sops, taxes and FDI encouragement.FY10 grocery size USD57.7 billionNotes R&D query and development, FDI contrasted direct investmen t FY Indian financial year (April March) FY16E estimated figure for financial year 2016 estimates are from the governments Automotive Mission Plan (2006 2016) ADVANTAGE INDIA.For updated information, amuse click www.ibef.org.3.Automotives sublime2012Contents Advantage India grocery place overview and trends Growth drivers Success stories Maruti, Tata Motors Opportunities Useful informationFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.org4Automotives noble2012 phylogeny of the Indian automotives sector20.4 one million million units (2012) 11 million units (2007) 2008 onwards 0.6 million units (1992) 1983 1992 0.4 million units (1982) Before 1982 disagreeable market Only 5 players Joint venture (JV) Indian government and Suzuki to form Maruti Udyog started production in 1983 Component manufacturers also entered via JV route Buyers market 1993 -2007 Sector de-licensed in 1993 major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) started assembly in India Imports allo wed from April 2001 Introduction of value added tax in 2005 More than 35 players in the market Removal of most import controls Indian companies gaining global identity Long waiting periods and overaged models Sellers marketSource Tata Motors, Society of Indian AutomobileManufacturers (SIAM), Aranca explore, Notes JV Joint jeopardise commercialise OVERVIEW AND TRENDSFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.org5AutomotivesAUGUST2012The automotives market is split into four segmentsAutomobiles 2-wheelersrider vehicles mercenary vehiclesThree-wheelersMopedsPassenger carsLight commercialized vehiclesPassenger carriersScootersUtility vehiclesMotorcyclesMulti-purpose vehicles strength and heavy commercial vehiclesGoods carriersElectric devilwheelersFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS6AutomotivesAUGUST2012Revenues have been growing at a impregnable thouGross turnover of automobile manufacturers in India expanded at a CAGR of 17.7per cent over FY07-1 1 Excluding triple wheelers, cars account for the largest handle of revenues (66.2 percent in 2010) Revenue trends over the past few age in USD million70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.5 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 66.2% 36.6 33.3 21.5% Trucks Cars 58.6 CAGR 17.7% 43.3 market* break-up by revenues (2010)12.3%Two WheelersSource SIAM, Datamonitor, Aranca ResearchNote *does not let in three wheelersFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS7AutomotivesAUGUST2012Sectors growing power evident from rise in total production figures Total production of automobiles in India (million units)16.012.0 7.6 8 8.4 10.0 8.0 6.0 1.3 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.6 1.8 2.4 4.0 6.5 8.5Notes CAGR heighten one-year growth rate10.5Passenger vehicles was the meteoric growing segment during that period with a CAGR of 14.5 per cent14.013.40.8 0.83.02.00.0FY05FY06FY07FY08FY090.4 0.5FY100.6 0.6FY11FY12Passenger vehicle Three Wheelers Commercial Vehicle Two WheelersSource SIAM, Aranca ResearchFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS0.8 0.83.115.5Automobiles production increased at a CAGR of 13.2 per cent over FY05-1218.08AutomotivesAUGUST2012Market break-up by production volumeTwo wheelers dominate production volumes in FY12, the segment accounted for more than three quarters of total automotives production in the countryMarket share by volume (FY12)In fact, India is the worlds second largest both wheeler producer the country is also the fourth largest commercial vehicle producer4% 4% 16% Two Wheelers Passenger Vehicle Commercial Vehicle Three Wheelers 76%Source SIAM, Aranca ResearchFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS9AutomotivesAUGUST2012Market break-up of individual segments by production volumes (1/2)Shares in production of passenger vehicles (FY11)Shares in production of commercial vehicles (FY11)11.5%Passenger cars8.1% 36.0% MCV & HCV Passenger Carriers MCV & HCV Goods Carriers LCV Passenger Carriers 49.7% 6.1% LCV Goods CarriersUtility vehicles/multipurpose vehicles 88.5%Source SIAM, Aranca Research Notes LCV Light commercial vehicle MCV Medium commercial vehicle HCV Heavy commercial vehicleFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS10AutomotivesAUGUST2012Market break-up of individual segments by production volumes (2/2)Shares in production of three wheelers (FY12)Shares in production of two wheelers (FY12)15.8% Goods carriers15.6%5.3% MopedsMotorcycles Passenger carriers Scooters 84.2% 79.1%Source SIAM, Aranca ResearchFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS11AutomotivesAUGUST2012Exports have also grown strongly (1/2)Automobiles export volumes increased at a CAGR of 22.4 per cent over FY05FY12 Over this period, the fastest growth was in the two wheeler segment (25.8 per cent) followed by three wheelers (21.9 per cent)Exports of autom obiles from India (million units)2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 0.5 1.1 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.03 0.10.2 0.04 0.10.2 0.05 0.10.2 0.06 0.10.04 0.20.04 0.20.08 0.3FY05FY06FY07FY08FY09FY10FY11FY12Passenger VehicleCommercial VehicleThree WheelersTwo WheelersSource SIAM, Aranca ResearchFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS0.10.412AutomotivesAUGUST2012Exports have also grown strongly (2/2)Two wheelers accounted for the largest share in exports (by volume) at 67 per cent in FY12 Passenger vehicles account for a sinewy 18 per cent of overall exportsExports shares by volume (FY12)18% Passenger Vehicle 3% 12% 67% Commercial Vehicle Three Wheelers Two WheelersSource SIAM, Aranca ResearchFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS13AutomotivesAUGUST2012Presence of a clear leader in each segment of the marketThe automotives industry is concentrated with market leaders in each segment commanding a share of over 40 per centMarket Leader Passenger Vehicles MCVs & HCVs LCVs Three Wheelers 45% 16%Others15% 7%63%23%7%59%30%4%4%41%40%10%MotorcyclesScooters59%24%7%6%51%21%14%Source SIAM, Aranca ResearchNotes Data is for FY1010%For updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS14AutomotivesAUGUST2012Notable trends in the Indian automotives sector Large number of products available to consumers across various segments thisNew product launcheshas gathered ill-use with the entry of a number of foreign players Reduced overall product lifecycle have forced players to make use of quick productlaunchesImproving productdevelopment capabilities Increasing R&D investments from both the government and the private sector Private sector innovation has been a key determinant of growth in the sectortwo good examples are Tata Nano and Tata Pixel while the former has been a success in India, the latter is mean for foreign markets In FY11, the CNG market was worth more than USD330 million and CNG carsAlternative fuelsand taxis are expected to present a CAGR of 28 per cent over FY11-FY14 The CNG distribution network in India is expected to increase to 250 cities by2018 from 30 cities in 2009For updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgMARKET OVERVIEW AND TRENDS15AutomotivesAUGUST2012Contents Advantage India Market overview and trends Growth drivers Success stories Maruti, Tata Motors Opportunities Useful informationFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.org16AutomotivesAUGUST2012Sector has been benefitting from strong demand and product innovationGrowing demand Growing demandPolicy support beefed-up government supportIncreasing investments wage increase incomes, young populationInviting greater availability of credit and financial backing optionsGoal of establishing India as an automanufacturing hubR&D focus GOI has set up technology modernisation blood line Large domestic market Policy sops, FDI encouragementResulting inRising investments from domestic and foreign players Greater innovation in products market segmentationStrong growth in exports as wellStrong projected demand making returns attractiveNotes GOI Government of IndiaFor updated information, please visit www.ibef.orgGROWTH DRIVERS17AutomotivesAUGUST2012Rising incomes and a growing middle class operate domestic demand growth Rising incomes growing middle classChanging income dynamics of Indias population70 million households Aspirers annual income INR90,000200,000 Seekers annual income INR200,000500,000 Strivers annual income INR500,0001,000,000 Globals annual income INR1,000,000Personal (nominal) disposable income is expected to rise annually at 8.5 per cent over FY11-15 Rising middle class size of the middle class expected to touch 550 million by 2025 from 50 million in 2010 Favourable demographics a young population is also driving up the demand for cars Demand for commercial vehicles have got a boost due to development of roadways and g reater market access6050 40 30 20 10 0 2005 Strivers 2010 Seekers 2015 deprivedDeprived annual income

Even Sigmund Freud participated Essay

Today the aesculapian exam sphere may offer us good examples of how the quick variegation of approaches and methods towards the discourse of raft is related to the fundamental shifts in our perception of the old bother of finding the corporation mingled with the valet de chambre corpse and the mind. In fact, on maven hand checkup specialty as untold(prenominal) is on the or so fundamental level an inherently conservative filed of knowledge and practice be vitrine what is at place for a doctor is often the actually human life, the value of which overthrows any possible dubious methods of preaching that may lead to the lack of positive results, or even to negative ones.On the a nonher(prenominal) hand, as we be constantly learning new things to the highest degree such an intricate structure as the human torso is, it be traces clear that phenomena that had been thought understandable in reallyity take a shit a much more than complicated nature, which requires shade of existing scientific approaches, or even demands refusal from some of the traditional medical exam postulates.To hang on ch ei in that locationnges that arise from such shifts in our judgement of mind-body fellowship we may consider perchance similarly entire examples numerous schools of the so-called New Age practice of medicine which under the pretence of the break-through knowledge all alike often advance simply untenable and absurd claims based on mere speculations (Reisser, Reisser, and Weldon, 1988, pp. 147-52), and the overly speculative def abateers of the traditional Western medicine who may tend to be too inflexible in their admittance of the validity of alternative approaches to medical treatment of mint.More specifically, the matter of the limit of human mental processes on what has traditionally been considered purely physiologic dis identifys is one of the most inflaming campaigns of disagreements between the mentioned approaches. This tension that in one form or another is ongoing between representatives of different medical camps to a large full even defines the modern discourse of approaches to the medical treatment (Miller, 2003, pp. 185-187).In this regard, it would be interesting to closely investigate the existing literature that represents the current state of affairs in the perception of the connection between the mind and the body. As a suitable object of our analysis may respond the earmark written by repair of Medicine John E. Sarno, a Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine at the New York University shoal of Medicine, and attending physician at the Howard A. Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at the New York University medical Center.His best-selling work The Mindbody ethical drug Healing the Body, Healing the twinge belongs to the list of the most popular send fors that highlighting academic and practical achievements in the field of neurotic medicine, a school of medicine which is based on the principle of unity of the mind and the body, and which aims to examine the mechanisms of the interdependency between emotions and bodily functions and to promote psychological methods of medical care (Levenson, 2004, pp. 3-66).The combination of the academic approaches of the writer to the support of his material and the popularity of the bind among lay people to whom it is mostly addressed suggests that on the example of this work we may judge the level of penetration of what could unanimously be perceive alternative medicine not long time ago into the modern medical discourse. With all this in mind, let us examine the saturation of John E. Sarno in the context of its connection as of a text confine of applied neurotic medicine with the modern medical paradigms.For this purpose, we pass on briefly define the memorial of psychoneurotic medicine, then will try to link it with the book of Sarno, and in the main body of the paper will provide the book report wit h relevant comments on the books contents. soil on psychosomatic medicine The origins of the psychosomatic medicine flush toilet be found in the teachings of other(a) Western philosophers and physicians who acknowledged that emotions played an important role for the human wellness (Cacioppo, 1989, p. 589).Still, the Western medicine has traditionally been more inclined towards the study of the signifi chamberpotce of bodily functions (Loudon, 1997, p. 238). However, by the middle of the nineteenth century the level of attention to the involvement of emotions in illnesss development grew as the observational essay was accumulating that had suggested that some disorders were not forever accompanied by organic affections (U. S. National Library of Medicine, 2005).For example, moreover since the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries such a neurosis as hysteria began to be linked with turned on(p) factors and the nervous system in general. even out Sigmund Freud leaveicipat ed in the study of symptoms of hysteria, and one of his conclusions was that they are based on memories linked to mental traumas which under genuine conditions may move into in the processes of somatic innervation. In this way, a possible mechanism for the interaction between mind and body was offered that was reminiscent of mechanisms that Sarno would be describing in his book.The German psychoanalysts Georg Groddeck even went as far as claiming that psychological mechanisms engendering hysteria can be applied to all somatic diseases which from this point of military position are the bodily manifestations of unconscious psychological processes. In the 1930s psychoanalyst Franz Alexander attempted to find a compromise between the Freudian theory, such views as those of Groddeck, and existing knowledge of physiology.He was against excessively psychological interpretations that ignored the automatic mechanisms in the body that to a large degree directed emotional expressions. The theory-based basis developed by Alexander contri saveed in the United States to the invigorated extensive research of psychosomatic mechanisms, and psychosomatic medicine as a separate field of study was formed in 1939 when the medical journal dedicated to this branch of medicine was published.After that time, psychosomatic medicine was save gaining significanceum. For example, World war II spurred the interest to it out-of-pocket to numerous manifestations of psychosomatic symptoms in soldiers. Eventually, by the 1950s interest to psychosomatic medicine and its scientific background grew so much that its concepts entered the popular culture as media started to publish numerous articles and thus popularized psychosomatic theories (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2005). Now, fast forward to today, and we can witness that many of the postulates of psychosomatic medicine are al train among the undisputed popular opinions of many people, and for instance the maxim that in order t o stay healthy a soul should avoid excessive melodic linees and move emotional states is among the most frequently heard ones in some(prenominal) media sources and in our everyday interaction.However, later on the surge of academic interest to it half(prenominal) a century ago, psychosomatic medicine, in contrast to its successful penetration into the public perception, somewhat at sea momentum in spite of appearance scientific circles in the second half of the twentieth century (Kennedy, 2004, p. 400). So, it is in such circumstances that the book of John E. Sarno The Mindbody Prescription Healing the Body, Healing the Pain saw the light of the day. The book of John E. Sarno in the larger social and historical contextThe Mindbody Prescription Healing the Body, Healing the Pain builds upon themes from Sarnos previous book Healing Back Pain The Mind-Body Connection that good the idea that the ca substance abuse of back pang, headache, slipped discs, and other chronic for ms of perturb is actually rooted in our psychology (Sarno, 1991). In The Mindbody Prescription Sarno adds new knowledge closely the psychology of emotionally stimulated carnal manifestations, and elucidates how such emotions as wrath, anxiety, guilt, and other negative mental states can cause mental stimulation of negative physical symptoms.Thus, in both of those books the author touches upon very urgent topics for the modern American society in which an increasing number of people are plagued by back, neck, or limb smart. In fact, this is a serious economic bother as well, as industries in which large portion of people are working at computers bear profound health insurance burden due to a variety of similar disorders causing pain, like fibromyalgia or repetitive stress injury (Sarno, 2005). More generally, pain as such in its different forms is a crippling problem for many individuals in both their professional and buck private lives (Margoles, 1998, pp.9-32). So, The Mi ndbody Prescription addresses precisely this disturbing epidemic as it analyses clinical info to find the main cause of the pain disorders, and elaborates methods to treat those disorders. Importantly, in doing so the author tries to fill the gap existing in the traditional methods of chronic pain treatment that are apparently unable to stop this pain epidemic. From the very beginning of the main body of the volume it becomes clear for a reader that the author adopts a holistic approach to his subject.More specifically, Sarno opens the first chapter of the book with construction of various typical and stressful scenarios that in one form or another take place in lives of many of us and contribute to chronic physical pain that people experience. What is untypical, though, is that Sarno from the very beginning of the book begins to draw our attention to what could be considered as a minor element of those scenarios, but what in reality, correspond to the author, underlies the differ ent manifestation of the pain disorders.This significant element is the factor of unconscious anger or outright rage that Sarno envisions as inevitably accompanying all of the scenarios that he delves in, like our troubles with private life, or within family, or career-related frustration, and many other different or that Sarno repeats in succession to use up home to us his case of unconscious mechanisms that generate anger in so many people.Now, this sign attention to the emotional side of our life is in a good agreement with our above observations close the widely acknowledged role that our mind plays in our health, and the author as if resumes that the existence of the definite connection between our emotional experiences and our bodily health is factual. plainly, judging from the way he begins his work, what we can expect from Sarno is the elaboration on the exact mechanisms that keep the mind-body connection running, especially as the author promptly claims that the disord ers that he is nearly to discuss . . .are neither illnesses nor diseases, but quite a symptomatic states induced by the whiz to serve a psychological purpose (Sarno, 1998, p. 3). After all, while general public does not always botheration to verify its views, practitioners of classical pathophysiology would surely expect solid support of any claim related to the emotional aspects of diseases and illnesses and to the connection between pain problems and stress. At the same time, having chosen the non-technical style of presentation Sarno procured the easiness of denotation for car park people whose pain-related problems are the actual target of the book.The structure and the contents of the book The Mindbody Prescription consists of threesome characters preceded by an oblige a bun in the ovened preface and an introduction that deals with a historical perspective of the books theme. The preface and the introduction of the book summarize theories and experience of Sarno with treatment of back pain and other types of musculoskeletal disturbances. Naturally, already in the opening musical compositions of the work the emotional foundation of the pain is emphasized.In the end of the book we can find a thorough appendix, which provides supportive citations for conclusions of Sarno, and a bibliography which refers to articles that cover physical and psychoanalytic issues related to chronic pain and its treatment. In the first part of the book Sarno reflects upon concepts underlying mind-body medicine, and exemplifies influences that physical stress and such psychological states as feeling of guilt, anxiety, depression, or personality disorders have on the rove of symptoms manifested in patients.Sarno categorizes the range of itchy symptoms that may arise due to psychological processes as belonging to what he terms Tension Myositis Syndrome (TMS), which is a painful condition that develops in the back, shoulders, neck, or buttocks, and may equally arise i n other parts of the body, and which throughout the whole book would be the main object of study for the author.But before shifting to investigation of concrete instances of TMS-related maladies, in order to justify his principal claim that chronic pain symptoms are in reality a kind of a demurrer mechanism use by our brain to distract our attention from our unconscious emotions of anger, Sarno copiously refers to the prominent figures whom we have discussed Sigmund Freud, Franz Alexander, and some other defenders of the theory of psychoanalysis like Stanley Coen and Heinz Kohut.I believe that this approach is beneficial as it helps readers appreciate the historical inheritance that underlies basic conceptions of the psychosomatic medicine, and thus provides a firmer footing for beliefs held by many people who have had successful experiences with psychosomatic approaches to treatment of illnesses. Aside from the references to important figures in the history of psychosomatic medic ine, the first part of the book also elaborates a distinct and well-structured translation of the concepts constituting the basic principles of mind-body interaction.In the process of such explanation the author mentions such fields of study and such medical and psychological notions as neurophysiology of psychogenic disturbances, problems of psychosomatic origin, and reactions of conversion (which is one of the types of interaction between the mind and the body when unconscious elements of human psyche intrude into somatic processes) (Sarno, 1998, pp. 173-174).Sarno also mentions the findings of Candace Pert, a neuroscientist who found opiate receptors in the human brain, and who greatly contributed to the growth of our knowledge of links between biochemical processes in the brain and physiological phenomena. In this way, Sarno anchors the theme of his book in the history of psychosomatic medicine, and, even though he is mentioning some stem turn concepts that may be critically perceived by adherents of traditional pathophysiology, the style of Sarongs presentation is lucid and definitely absorbing.All in all, the first part of the book serves as a bridge between the general discussion of the psychological mechanisms of emotional influence on physical disorders and more detailed investigation of psychoneurophysiology that underlies psychogenic processes. In the second part of the book Sarno closely examines his clinical experience with emotionally caused physical disorders, and is primarily fearfulnessed with various manifestations of TMS and with the possibility to extend his theory of the mechanisms of TMS emergence to other diseases and illnesses.In fact, many of the clinical problems that he examines have already been know to have a connection to stress, which either produces them, or aggravates their military forces. However, what makes the work of Sarno special is his approach to explanation of these disease states from the point of view of unconsc ious working of repressed anger and rage. To prove his case, Sarno has combined physical medicine with psychoanalytic theory in order to give what he believes is a proper account for TMS, which, consort to his practice, is the main cause of musculoskeletal and back pain.For Sarno, the origin of painful manifestations of TMS lies in repressed emotions. And the pain in various parts of body as such is theorized by the author as being caused by a diminution of kind bleed to the corresponding tissues. This process of blood flow reduction is mediate via the autonomic system as a stressful reaction of brain to repressed emotions. We may chart the TMS pathophysiology in the following way The formation of unconscious repressed emotions (anger/rage) ? Abnormal patterns of autonomic systems activity ? Decrease of the level of local blood circulation ?Development of mild oxygen red ink ? The resulting pain in muscles and other possible symptoms (for example pain in tendons, tingling, num bness, weakness). Having established such a mechanism of the emergence of pain, Sarno surmises that this approach from the TMS formation theory can as well be applied not only for the fixed number of cases of muscle and back pain, but to a wider range of physical disturbances. In this light, Sarno earlier pointed out that in a 1975 survey it had been found that 88 per cent of patients with TMS had histories of up to quintuple common mindbody disorders (Sarno, 1998, p.29). And, indeed, Sarno manages to extend his theory of the emergence of pain disorders to sick headache, to such various conditions as carpal dig syndrome, fibromyalgia, colitis, peptic ulcer, post-polio syndrome, infections, skin disorders, and even to more unusual instances like the chronic pain that accompanies Lyme disease, which is caused by bacterium transmitted through ticks. The author also mentions disorders in which emotions might be involved, among which are atherosclerosis, hypertension, one of the most common heart problems termed mitral valve prolapse, and even cancer.Of course, with such a broad scope of concern at hand Sarno has to offer an adequate methodology for unambiguous diagnosing of emotionally induced pain. For this purpose, his requirement is that the TMS diagnosing can be ascribed to a patient only if traditional physical exam failed to uncover existing abnormalities. However, according to the author, even in the presence of an abnormality TMS windlessness can be working in a patient and exasperate the pain to the higher level than the found abnormality itself would be commensurate of.In the third part of the book Sarno discusses approaches that may effectively treat TMS and related physical disturbances. From what we have observed before it should already become clear that Sarno essentially assigns to the pain the function of a defense reaction that aims to divert our consciousness from the privation to face repressed anger or other unsupportable forms of emoti onal strain. On ground of this, as the only possible way of treatment of the real cause of TMS symptoms Sarno postulates the examination of the physical origins of repressed negative emotions as the way for the deliverance from pain. globally speaking, a person has to find ways to single out those harmful emotions and roots of the unconscious anger that are undermining his or her psychological well-being. And what also makes the theory of Sarno special is that, according to him, the mere acknowledgement of certain emotional concerns, and not of any bodily abnormalities, as the ground of the deteriorated physical state is in many cases already a sufficient condition for healing.One may not even have to remove the psychological problem itself in order to procure a visible clinical improvement. This contrasts with some of the New Age schools of psychotherapy that also associate unconscious repressed emotions with various maladies, but which require that before the healing can take plac e such unconscious problem spots must be dissolved, like is proposed, for instance, by the so-called primal therapy, a school of psychotherapy elaborated by psychologist Arthur Janov (Janov, 1999).For Sarno, the identification of a problem is the main task for people suffering from emotionally induced physical disorders, and such identification can normally be implemented by path of an insightful self-examination, perhaps with the help of such techniques as meditation or self-affirmation (a method of compensation for the lowered self-esteem in one area by consideration of ones proficiency in other areas (Sarno, 1998, p.22 Nezu and Nezu, 2004, pp. 182-188). In this regard, from the point of view of Sarno it is also very important that a patient should have no doubts about the correctness of the TMS diagnosis, and that he or she fully realizes the exclusively psychosomatic origin of pain.To bolster this indispensable perception in patients, after the mentioned thorough physical exami nation needed for the elimination of possibility of the presence of real physical problems, Sarno accentuates the need to educate people and to assure them that the influence of repressed emotions is a sufficient condition for the reduction of the flow of blood to the unnatural areas of the body which leads to the pain and other troublesome symptoms, which nevertheless should not be viewed by people as those inflicting permanent damage to the body.Even if some structural abnormalities related to ordinary changes due to physical activity or aging are found, the patient should have a clear understanding of their nature. Basically, what is demanded from a patient is in no way the denial of the presence of the pain but rather the acceptance of its genuine origin. To help maintain such an attitude to chronic pain, Sarno recommends to patients who know that they have no physiological abnormalities to suspend physical therapy and to return to normal physical activity.In addition to that, patients should on the chance(a) basis remind themselves the following points I only have a mild oxygen deprivation and not structural abnormalities my condition stems from repressed negative emotions and is not physically harmful TMS exists to divert my attention from emotions there is nothing to be afraid of for me the physical pain is not dangerous I will not allow pain to trouble and intimidated me I will change the object of my concern from pain to emotional experiences it is my conscious part that will have control, and not my subconscious mind I have to think about psychological aspects of my life, and not so much about physical. When such a set of attitudes towards the role of ones unconscious emotional experiences and towards ones own body is obtained, Sarno believes that the brain that aims to contain the repressed emotions will no longer be able to fool us by drawing our attention to body. To illustrate how psychological relief may have a radical influence on the chronic pain, the author offers examples of some practical cases. In one of such cases a patient knew about the most probable origin of her back pain but still did not have an improvement, and even had increased level of pain.According to Sarno, the worsening of the pain was brought about by the weather efforts of the brain to keep hidden emotions unconscious, but when the feelings finally burst into the patients consciousness the pain, as if miraculously, went away. Sarno documents the account of this patient . . . in an instant, I started to cry. . . Out of control tears, anger, rage, desperate tears. And I heard myself proverb things like, Please take care of me, I dont ever want to have to come out from under the covers, Im so afraid, please take care of me, dont hurt me, I want to cut my wrists, please let me die, I have to run away, I feel sick-and on and on, I couldnt stop . . . And as I cried, and as I utter these feelings, it was, literally, as if there was a channel, a pipelin e, from my back and out through my eyes.I felt the pain almost pour out as I cried . . . I knew . . . that what I was feeling at that moment was what I felt as a child, when no one would or could take care of me . . . the feelings were there and they poured over me and out of me (Sarno, 1998, p. 13). However, as in order to get rid of pain we have to use our insight to understand its foundation, one may wonder that if the real cause of the pain is the repressed anger, how face-saving psychotherapy may be in the healing of TMS symptoms? The author says The therapists to whom I refer patients are happy to help them explore the unconscious and become alive(predicate) of feelings that are buried there . . .When we become aware of these feelings . . . the physical symptoms . . . go away (Sarno, 1998, p. 161). Still, according to Sarno, the need for psychotherapy should not arise too often. The author reports numerous cases when people did away with pain simply after having read the bo ok and having followed suggestions contained there. In fact, Sarno claims that the percentage of those who report the improvement of their condition is as high as 90-95 percent, and that many of his patients had been living with physical disorders and pain for a large part of their lives and could not be treated by the traditional medical approaches. General critical observationsEven though the belief that emotions and stressful circumstances are related to physical conditions of people is today generally accepted, the extent to which Sarno emphasizes the role of psychological factors will nevertheless surely await too extreme for many clinicians. Indeed, formally speaking, the author of The Mindbody Prescription gives some reasons to relate him to those practitioners who denounce the traditional medical approaches as outdated ones, as he says that . . . poor medical advice . . . keeps your attention riveted on your body, which is your brains intention (Sarno, 1998, p. 147), or tha t Modern medical experience studies the details of maladies but rejects unconscious emotional processes as the cause (Sarno, 1998, p. 117).On the other hand, the effort of the author to extend the validity of his TMS theory to a range of disorders which in combination are shared by significant fractions of Western societies populations may also seem to be too ambitious and at the same time not sufficiently verified according to strict scientific standards (Wilson, 1991). In this light, while Sarno rightfully remarks that . . . proper management of TMS and related disorders would alleviate much suffering and reduce the enormous cost of medical care that now burdens modern society (Sarno, 1998, p. 126), he perhaps should also pay more attention to the fact that the majority of physicians still have doubts about the ability of psychological processes to cause chronic pain in the first place, and are more ready to agree that emotions may only aggravate physiological problems, but stil l in most cases should not be considered as their primary causes.In his turn, Sarno disputes that such processes as osteoarthritic changes and herniated vertebral discs are always the immediate sources of the pain and suggests that very often they may just be coincidentally present close to affected areas that due to emotional causes are deprived of oxygen. Such views further distantiate him from the conventional approaches to treatment of these disturbances. Moreover, Sarno insists that traditional medicine has no valid methods of TMS treatment because If you thwart that purpose by taking away the symptoms without dealing with its cause, the brain will simply find a substitute symptom (Sarno, 1998, p. 39). In any case, despite the unconventional elements of his methods of treatment, Sarno has numerous adherents who attest to the practical applicability and effectiveness of the theory of connection between psychological processes and manifestations of TMS.Therefore, I believe that even if Sarno is not able to provide a completely reliable from the academic point of view account of the mind-body connection, he may be practically exploring the mechanisms of the human body that the fundamental science is only beginning to test experimentally (Brush, 2005, p. 259). For example, consider the recent finding related to the famous placebo effect in which it was again confirmed that such a purely psychological factor as our expectations has not only psychological but as well physical effects on health. But in this particular research a new variety of the placebo effect was found, actually a kind of an anti-placebo effect, as it turned out that . . .once Alzheimers disease robs someone of the ability to expect that a turn up painkiller will help them, it doesnt work nearly as well. . . (Neergaard, 2005). This fact testifies to the power of our psychology to intervene in the what might seem as purely physiological realm of our bodily functioning, and the data is being gathered to prove that at least such a psychological factor as the placebo effect . . . actually is physical, and that expecting benefit can trigger the same neurological pathways of healing as real medication does (Neergaard, 2005). Now, this conclusion is in a perfect agreement with the principles underlying the theory of TMS origin advanced by Sarno.However, quite ironically, the specialists involved in the mentioned research were quick to point out that positive expectations arent a substitute for real medicine (Neergaard, 2005), which contradicts the reliance of Sarno on psychology as not only the cause of many physical disorders but at the same time as the only means of their healing. But I suppose that if Sarno produces an impression of being too confident in the self-sufficiency of his conclusions it could only mean that due to his extensive observational experience he may just be a little bit ahead of the vanguard of the mainstream medical science. And, after all, if we wa nt to find what unites Sarno with the conservative part of the medical establishment it is his traditional recommendation for his patients to resume full activities of daily life, including physical exercises. Critical observations about Sarnos view of migraine as an equivalent of TMSWhile Sarno devotes a large portion of his book to back pain, among other painful physical disturbances related to mechanisms that lead to TMS he mentions migraine, which is a very common condition that causes headaches, and physiological mechanisms of which are currently quite poorly understood (Cochran, 2004, p. 156). Sarno confesses his personal experience with migraine as he had had this condition for quite a long time before he was introduced to medical research which suggested that migraine headache was the result of repressed anger (Sarno, 1998, p. 111). As he was already amassing evidence in support of the significant influence of psychological factors on many widespread medical problems, he was inclined to test that idea.After trying to find out what anger that he could be keep down was causing his migraine, Sarno allegedly got rid of migraine headaches for the rest of his life. However, he himself acknowledged that some symptoms of migraine still continue to happen to him, which brings us to a question whether the method of the author of the book can be applied without reserve to all the types of chronic pains that seem to have no accompanying physical abnormalities. Indeed, it may be that our lack of understanding of the causes of migraine simply leaves us ignorant of possible physiological mechanisms that underlie it, and even though approaches borrowed from TMS treatment may often be effective for removal of painful symptoms, purely psychological vision of the migraine origins may hide from us its genuine cause.Besides, it may be somewhat alarming that the definition of migraine that Sarno advances is different from the one offered for example by the National sick h eadache Association. Sarno says that migraine is supposed to arise from . . . sudden constriction of a single blood vessel within the substance of the brain (Sarno, 1999, p. 111), while on the website of the National hemicrania Association it is stated that Migraine is disease, a headache is only a symptom. Migraine pain is caused by vasodilation in the cranial blood vessels (expansion of the blood vessels), while headache pain is caused by vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels). During a migraine, inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain, i. e., neurogenic inflammation, exacerbates the pain (Coleman and Burchfield, 2006). Therefore, at least in the case of migraines it seems warranted to say that physiological mechanisms may be working to produce migraine independently from psychological processes, and that without knowing the exact causes and possible consequences of migraine-related tissue inflammation it is perhaps risky to adopt a strategy of assuring onesel f that the pain is not physically harmful. The National Migraine Association again confirms this worry by pointing out that The Migraine disease is a serious health and disability problem that affects approximately 11 to 18 million Americans .