A Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled...

A Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JNTU, KAKINADA Presented by: Y.H.H.S .AYYAPPA.S SREEKANTH.GELAM†¦show more content†¦Once the driver enters the ramp, the flip actuates the ramp to be lifted horizontally. Then robotic arms assist the driver to his seat. As soon as the driver is seated the EEG (electroencephalogram) helmet, attached to the top of the seat, is lowered and suitably placed on the driver’s head. A wide screen of the computer is placed at an angle aesthetically suitable to the driver. Each program can be controlled either directly by a mouse or by a shortcut. For starting the car, the start button is clicked. Accordingly the computer switches ON the circuit from the battery to the A.C.Series Induction motors. 3.BIOCONTROL SYSTEM The biocontrol system integrates signals from various other systems and compares them with originals in the database. It comprises of the following systems: ï‚• Brain-computer interface ï‚• Automatic security system ï‚• Automatic navigation system Now let us discuss each system in detail. 3.1.BRAIN – COMPUTER INTERFACE Brain-computer interfaces will increase acceptance by offering customized, intelligent help and training, especially for the non-expert user. Development of such a flexible interface paradigm raises several challenges in the areas of machine perception and automatic explanation. The teams doing research in this field have developed a single-position, brain-controlled switch that responds toShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy of Artificial Intelligence1476 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout its history, artificial intelligence has always been a topic with much controversy. Should human intelligence be mimicked? If so, are there ethical bounds on what computers should be programmed to do? These are a couple of question that surround the artificial intelligence controversy. 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Synthesis of 1- Bromobutane an Sn2 Reaction - 1160 Words

Experiment 13: Synthesis of 1- Bromobutane An SN2 Reaction Theory: One of the methods of preparing alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. Alcohols are inexpensive materials and easy to maintain. However, they are a poor leaving group the OH group is a problem in nucleophilic substitution, this problem is fixed by converting the alcohol into H2O. Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction, to see how a primary alky halide reacts with an alcohol. Reagents: Reagents | Physical properties | Sodium bromide | Molecular formula: NaBrMolar mass: 102.894 g/molAppearance: White powderDensity: 3.21 g/cm3 (anhydrous)2.18 g/cm3†¦show more content†¦The weight and boiling point was then obtained of the product and recorded. Results: Boling point 1-bromobutane | 97oC | Starting weight 1-butonaol | 7.5g | Ending weight 1-butonaol | 8g | Percent yield of 1-bromobutane | 5% | Percent yield of 1-butonal | 6% | Calculations: Percent yield boiling point: Percent yield weight: Discussion: In the synthesis of 1-bromobutane alcohol is a poor leaving group; this problem is fixed by converting the OH group into H2O, which is a better leaving group. Depending on the structure of the alcohol it may undergo SN1 or SN2. Primary alky halides undergo SN2 reactions. 1- bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide, and may be synthesized by the acid-mediated reaction of a 1-butonaol with a bromide ion as a nucleophile. The proposed mechanism involves the initial formation of HBr in situ, the protonation of the alcohol by HBr, and the nucleophilic displacement by Br- to give the 1-bromobutane. In the reaction once the salts are dissolved and the mixture is gently heated with a reflux a noticeable reaction occurs with the development of two layers. When the distillation was clear the head temperature was around 115oC because the increased boiling point is caused by co-distillation of sulfuric acid and hydrobromic acid with water. When transferring allof the crude 1-bromobutane without the drying agent,Show MoreRelatedSn1 Sn2 Reactions1979 Words   |  8 PagesExperiment 15 amp; 16: Preparation of 1-bromobutane, an SN2 reaction Preparation of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, an SN1 reaction Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol and sodium bromide. In order for this reaction to reach completion there are four major operations that need to be performed. The four major operations include refluxing, simple distillation, separation, and drying. To begin, in order for the compounds to react they will be dissolvedRead MoreEssay about Lab Report785 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the synthesis. Procedures: 2.0 mL of 1-bromobutane, 3.0 g of sodium benzoate, 5.0 mL of water, 4 drops of Aliquat 336, and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and the flaskRead MoreCaproic Acid Synthesis Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn this lab, caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate, potassium n-butylmalonate, and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material, n-bromobutane, and the first intermediate, diethyl n-butylmalonate; while IR and NMR were used to characterize the final product, caproic acid. Reactions, Mechanism and Theory Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid derivedRead MoreNucleophilic Substitution: Synthesis of N-Butyl Bromide and T-Pentyl Chloride1608 Words   |  7 PagesNucleophilic Substitution | Synthesis of n-Butyl Bromide and t-Pentyl Chloride | | Jessica | [Pick the date] | Abstract The synthesis of the alkyl halide n-Butyl Bromide from alcohol is the foundation for the experiment. During the isolation of the n-butyl bromide, the crude product is washed with sulfuric acid, water, and sodium bicarbonate to remove any remaining acid or n-butyl alcohol. The primary alkyl halide halide n-butyl bromide is prepared by allowing n-butyl alcohol to react withRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Lab Report4021 Words   |  17 Pageskeeping methods used in research labs. Such methods are designed to organize experimental data in a format similar to that required for publication in major scientific journals. Here are some important considerations that apply in research settings. 1. Your work is unique, meaning that you might be the only person performing certain experiments. 2. Research is an ongoing process. The projects assigned to you will likely continue after you leave. People assigned to those projects will need to access

Clostridium Difficile Infection for Pseudomembranous Colitis

Question: Discuss about theClostridium Difficile Infection for Pseudomembranous Colitis. Answer: A burdensome problem that has created a plague in the medical field is Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI). This gram positive bacteria in anaerobic in nature and is spore forming. CDI can be cured via the application of intravenous or oral antibiotics. However, recent years has seen the development of more virulent bacterial strains of C.difficile which are drug resistant in nature leading to the generation of recurrent infection (Cole and Stahl 2015). CDI is the leading cause behind antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). It is also responsible for recurrent urinary tract infection and respiratory infection. Transmission of the bacteria mostly takes place via fecal route or orally. C.difficile spores are difficult to kill and are abundant in contaminates surface of the hospitals. Increase rate of application of antibiotics for the treatment of C.difficile infection may make the patient more susceptible towards the infection of other bacteria. The anti-microbial treatment affects the gut microbiota and makes the patient immune depressant thereby increasing the chances of recurrent bacterial infection (Cole and Stahl 2015). The incidence of CDI has surpassed the rates of methicillin-resistantS. aureusinfections. This increased prevalence of CDI has led to corresponding increase in mortality and morbidity. This has coincided with the emergence of a rare strain, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 027 or North American Pulse-field type 1 (NAP1). Studies have given the evidence of the presence of ribotype 027 strains during the outbreak of CDI. Such incidences are characterized by increased severity and a greater risk of relapse. Recently, it was reported that additional strains also cause CDI with poor outcomes. The burden of CDI causes a significant financial crisis on the healthcare domain (DePestel and Aronoff 2013). References Cole, S.A. and Stahl, T.J., 2015. Persistent and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Colitis.Clinics in colon and rectal surgery,28(02), pp.065-069. DePestel, D.D. and Aronoff, D.M., 2013. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection.Journal of pharmacy practice,26(5), pp.464-475.

Abolition Essay Example For Students

Abolition Essay A Stronger Resistance The abolitionist movement in the United States sought to eradicate slavery using a wide range of tactics and organizations. The antislavery movement mobilized many African Americans and some whites who sought to end the institution of slavery. Although both black and white abolitionists often worked together, the relationship between them was intricate. The struggle for black abolitionists was much more personal because they wanted to end slavery and also wanted to gain equal rights for blacks. However, many white abolitionists only sought to end slavery and did not fight for equality for blacks. From these exceedingly contrasting perspectives and the continuation of slavery, the sentiment of many abolitionists became more militant and radical; some abolitionists began to use more violent methods of resistance to abolish slavery. Before the 1830s most antislavery activists stressed gradual emancipation. These feelings were expressed mainly by Southern whites, some possessing a fear of free blacks not being ready for freedom and others holding beliefs that slavery would gradually disappear (Notes, 10/18/00). Generally, only black abolitionists demanded an immediate end to slavery. This difference in opinion contributed to some blacks taking more violent measures to gain freedom and equality. Further contributing to the more aggressive tactics were the goals of the white abolitionists. Many white abolitionists were not able to accept blacks as their equals and did not fight for black equality, which led to increased tension between blacks and whites. More militant tactics, such as uprising and revolts, were gaining support in the nineteenth century. Nat Turner was a black abolitionist that supported the use of aggressive and forceful tactics. In 1831, in Virginia, he led an insurrection and more than 55 white people were killed. It was very bloody and violent and angered many whites from its brutality (Nash, 275). Yet, many blacks felt that the only thing that would get a response was an uprising and taking drastic measures. In Christiana, Pennsylvania, the Fugitive Slave Laws were passed. These laws stated that whites could recapture their runaway slaves. Blacks were outraged by the passing of these laws and rioted in response to this (Roots of Resistance). This demonstrated how blacks would react in manners that were more forceful and these tactics were used by a number of other abolitionists, however, many still used different approaches to battling slavery. Many abolitionists used writing to end slavery. In 1827, the first black newspaper, Freedoms Journal, was created by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm (Notes, 11/29/00). This paper spread ideas of freedom and equality and gave hope to the black readers. David Walker, the son of a free black mother and a slave father, pushed the abolitionist movement into militancy in 1829 when he published David Walkers Appeal. His work inspired blacks to organize and urged slaves to rise up against their masters and take their freedom by force (Notes, 11/27/00). Even with tensions high, some abolitionists still advocated a non-violent approach. William Lloyd Garrison, a white abolitionist, published The Liberator in 1831 in Boston. This was a radical anti-slavery newspaper that was successful from the tremendous black support. Garrison favored a non-violent approach that advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves and equality for all blacks (Notes, 11/27/00). Along with newspapers, several organizations were created in response to the injustices. Garrison helped to form the American Anti-Slavery Society along with Arthur and Lewis Tappan. This organization wanted an immediate end to slavery and equality for all blacks in American society. It distributed over one million pamphlets dealing with anti-slavery and was able to organize men, women and children. The society grew and by 1840, it had 200,000 members (Notes, 11/27/00). .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .postImageUrl , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:hover , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:visited , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:active { border:0!important; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:active , .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ee3fa2278fbe6d797fa1e5073e1e07d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Effects Of The Titanic Essay Most blacks remained loyal to Garrison, although in the 1840s many blacks became more independent. They were more critical of white abolitionist and their racism and prejudice. Blacks recognized that many white abolitionists were against slavery but not for equal rights because they still possessed racist views. In the 1840s, a new group of black leaders emerges, the radical fugitive slaves (Notes, 11/29/00). These fugitive slaves began lecturing and telling their stories. Frederick Douglass, an eloquent ex-slave from Maryland, denounced ideas of violent rebellions. He published several books, Narrative and My Bondage and My Freedom, which shared his story and his views on the importance of equality for blacks. The sharing of stories was common among these new black leaders. By sharing a story, it gave the listeners a chance to relate to occurrences in their lives (Notes, 11/27/00). These leaders would tell audiences their experiences while in slavery and how they gained their freedom. Their stories were used to give hope and inspiration to others. Through their experiences, they showed the evils of slavery. The struggle for emancipation and equality was extremely difficult. All abolitionists wanted an end to slavery, but often times only blacks wanted equality in society. The different goals led to different methods of obtaining these goals. Some methods of black abolitionists became much more radical and violent to end slavery. This was a direct reaction to the racism of many white abolitionists. Even with different methods, the outcome of the effort was freedom for the slaves and eventual equality for blacksBibliography: