Challenges of Knowledge Transfer in Organisations Literature review

Challenges of Knowledge Transfer in Organisations - Literature review Example This importance has given rise to the need of knowledge management techniques that organizations can implement, and can successfully manage the flow of knowledge in their organizations. There are various models about knowledge transfer. Two of the most famous models include Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi’s SECI model and Boisot's I-Space model (Bratianu, 2010, p. 193). These two have many things in common. According to Nonako and Takeuchi’s SECI model, knowledge transfer in any organization takes place in four levels. This model divides knowledge into tacit knowledge or implied knowledge, and explicit or expressed knowledge. This models describes the relationship between these two types of knowledge through four stages i.e. socialization, externalisation, combination and internalization. Socialization is the first step that happens when an organization member comes under exposure to the stories or experiences through other employees. Apprenticeship proves to be a good example of this stage as the form of knowledge transfer is tacit to tacit. Next stage is of externalization, which happens when organization members convert tacit knowledge learned in the above stage into explicit knowledge. An example of this can include taking part into a project where all the team members contribute from their knowledge (Bratianu, 2010, p. 193). Combination is the third stage, which signifies the transfer of explicit to explicit knowledge. This happens when the knowledge externalised is combined with earlier knowledge and applied to a broader group or entity. Similarly, the last stage is internalization which signifies the transfer of explicit to tacit knowledge. This happens when the knowledge becomes an inseparable and integral part of an organizational member or members and they can readily transfer it onwards through socialization (Wickes, 2003, p. 5). This model suggests that these four stages happen in a cyclical form where one stage follows the other and it forms a spiral of knowledge. Moreover, this model also suggests that knowledge increases as the spirals increase and as it comes under the exposure of more and more organizational members. Another theory of knowledge management that is very similar to Nonako and Takeuchi’s model is Boisot's I-Space model. Boisot classifies knowledge present in any organization into three dimensions. First dimension is codified and un-codified knowledge. This is similar to SECI model’s tacit and explicit knowledge (Strach & Everett, 2006, p. 5). Codified knowledge is one that is easily transferred including financial data or any other thing that is properly documented. On the other hand, un-codified knowledge is one that is not properly documented and it is preserved only in the memories of organizational members or is part of an organization’s culture; therefore, it is implied. Examples of un-codified knowledge would include stories and experiences that are held with indi viduals. Another dimension of knowledge as suggested by Boisot includes abstract and concrete knowledge. This dimension is self explanatory. The third dimension of knowledge according to Boisot’s theory includes diffused and undiffused knowledge. Diffused knowledge refers to that knowledge that is open to all organizational member; whereas, undiffused knowledge is the one that is available to only a selected few e.g. to top management etc

-Factors influencing on tourist's purchasing decision Essay

-Factors influencing on tourist's purchasing decision - Essay Example In applying this approach, the authors were able to establish that the 9/11 attacks significantly affected the tourists’ decisions in their travel plans (Arana and Leon, 2008). I understand from the study that tourists’ decisions were filled with anxiety mostly triggered by terrorist shock. Profits also declined because of terrorist considerations for tourists. The purchasing prospects were however improved in terms of quality of tourism products, especially the quality of the urban environment (Arana and Leon, 2008). Improvements in tourist decisions to travel were however improved after six to twelve months after terrorist events. The importance of therefore reducing the number of terrorist attacks is therefore an important consideration in tourist’s purchasing decisions. Moreover, where the potential for avoiding any terror risks is low, the impact on tourist decisions is high. Thereby, the tourist would again likely avoid the tourist destination (Arana and Leon, 2008). For which reason, continuous bomb attacks in Israel’s coffeeshops affected tourist’s decisions to choose Israel as a destination. There was a constant and persistent risk for being killed by a terrorist bomb in Israel, and so the decisions for avoidance were high among tourists. The image associated with the terrorist attacks also affected tourist behaviour, leading to avoidance tendencies on destinations with a high Islamic population (Arana and Leon, 2008). This study was able to establish specific concepts about tourist behaviour in relation to terrorism and terrorist attacks. In the current age where the biggest threat to national security is terrorism, tourists have become understandably wary of places with these significant and blatant threats. The September 11 attacks exhibited a significant impact on tourist behaviour, but the impact has been temporary. However, the more persistent said attacks become, the more cautious tourists also

Cold war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cold war - Research Paper Example Each tried to spread their ideologies to many countries as possible throughout the world, effectively dividing the free world between capitalism and communism. America was  lending economic and military assistance to the nations that agreed with its Capitalist  ideology, and Russia doing the same on the other side. This lead to division in, Korea which was split into North and South Korea, as well as Germany, which was divided into; East, for Russian and West for The  US and its allies; the extent of the division was embodied in the construction of the Berlin wall. The 25 miles wall was put up to prevent citizens of the East side from escaping to the west side. Hot conflicts also resulted from the war with the effects and losses being escalated by the backing of the superpower for each side i.e. in Korea and Vietnam. The war was hence fought in a variety of ways such as the arms race, with each country trying to acquire the most advanced atomic weaponry, the space race, where e ach of the two countries tried to make the biggest steps in space exploration as well as arming and supporting countries engaged in fighting with the other side’s supporters. ... From this point onwards both countries endeavored to produce as many weapons of mass destruction as possible mainly missiles, fast planes and bombs. New weapons were experimented on and, by 1960, both nations were working on mobile controlled missiles it was estimated that, by 1961, enough bombs had been made to destroy the whole world most of them by the two rival nations. They had bombs that could cause about a hundred times more damage than the catastrophic Hiroshima bomb had caused in Japan. 2 This had considerable financial implications since both spent millions in the development of weapons although America had the edge since it had a stronger economy. This led to the theory of mutual assured destruction  (MAD) which many claimed was the main reason the world saved from war, each of the two rival camps had so many weapons that if one attacked the other and the latter allies reiterated with nuclear weapons, there would be no winner, but both sides would suffer catastrophic los ses. Around 1970, the two nations were cognizant of the need to deal with the issue more flexibly and talks on reduced armaments begun in Ernest. The death or Stalin, a hardliner was also instrumental in ending the war as he was replaced by Goberchev who was more willing to negotiate with America. Russia backed North Korea in its attempt to invade and take over the south, and the United Nations backed the South, China also joined in the war and, for several years, the two sides fought each other with the armies driving each other to and fro, until they agreed to negotiate. This was; however, one of the conflicts between Russia and the USA albeit by proxy. The Vietnam War was

Fairy Tail Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fairy Tail Analysis - Essay Example And yet, according to author Anna Altmann, other women are not given a chance to mature into responsible adults who can handle their problems, and constantly have to rely on a male character for their survival. In fact, there is an argument that, for a very long time, fairy tales have focused much attention on patriarchal domination and female submission to the man (Altmann 23). In this case study of stepmother in â€Å"Snow White† and the witch in the â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† women are drawn as having cruel and wicked attitudes. . In the male dominated world, it is unfortunate that women could not afford the ability to unite and fight their common enemy – man. This domination tarnishes what it is to be a woman and severely limits not only the ability to be perceived as a heroine, but also the ability to have a positive and meaningful place in society. According to Jerome Griswold in his work on â€Å"Beauty and the Beast,† women have an incredibly wick ed character (15). This attribute can be seen in the beginning of his work when he states that, among the three daughters, the youngest happens to be the most beautiful among them all. This fact makes the two sisters develop hatred for their sister just because of her unwarranted supposedly appealing looks. The two sisters end up being devalued due to their looks, and as a result, scheme to destroy their more beautiful sister. Griswold describes these two sisters as egoistic individuals who have no hope of a better future free of grudges (39). Furthermore, despite the good nature of Beauty, it does not change the fact that her sisters hate her. Later on in the plot, the theme of women being evil is brought out more vividly. The two sisters scheme to destroy the well-nurtured relationship between Beauty and the Beast. It is amazing how they make Beauty remain at home longer than the stipulated one week agreed upon by the Beast and Beauty. Griswold notes that the sisters are very disg usted with the thought of supposed marriage between their sister and the Beast (56). The most astounding thing is how blood sisters would go to the extent of being jealous of someone in the same family! A more flamboyant picture of women being evil is created when punishment is administered to the wicked sisters. As the story wraps up, the two sisters are turned into statues and are to remain so until they confess all the harms they have caused to the family. This is in juxtaposition to their younger sister, Beauty, who is composed and forgiving and does not desire material benefits, a remarkable display of maturity that is rewarded with a happy life with her Beast. â€Å"Snow White† is yet another fairy tale that brings out the wicked nature of women in the general public via her relationship with her stepmother. Stone argues that despite the wishes of Snow White’s mother to have a beautiful daughter- with white teeth resembling snow, dark hair like the ebony and red lips, her step mother, the queen, is riddled with envy (57). The evil and wicked nature of the queen clouds her thinking and renders her unable to think of anything but ways to destroy Snow White so the wicked queen can, once again, be the fairest in the land. The conclusion of the story has the stepmother attending Snow White’s wedding to the prince. Here, even the pure Snow White might be perceived as cruel for condemning the wicked queen dance to her death in red hot iron shoes. In conclusion, Maria Tatar

Energy Wedges Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Energy Wedges - Lab Report Example (Carbon Mitigation Initiative, 2006) This can be achieved by use of energy wedges to achieve a stabilization triangle. This triangle is to be made of eight wedges with each wedge representing a reduction of one billion tonnes of carbon emitted per year and hence a total of eight billion tones in reduction (Margolis, 2003). The four colors of the wedge pieces indicated the major category (fossil fuel-based (blue), efficiency and conservation (yellow), nuclear (red), and renewables and bio-storage (green). We choose a red, yellow, blue, or green wedge for our strategy andlabeled the wedge to indicate the specific strategy. For each of the 8 strategies chosen, we filled out one line in the Wedge Worksheet. After all 8 wedges had been chosen; we tallied total cuts from each energy sector (Electricity, Transport, and Heat) and costs. We then used the scoring table to predict how different interest groups would rate our wedge on a scale from 1 to 5. In the group discussion everyone contributed really substantially and significantly and we all agreed unanimously on the choice of wedges. The wedges selected as shown earlier in this report were due to the relative ease of achieving them. Also considering the effectiveness of each wedge we agreed that our choices were the best. Our group majorly based our choices on the relative costs as they were low cost and this would attract the political will as well as public will in general. (Hotinski, 2007) Each of the 8 strategies above has the potential to reduce global carbon emissions by at least 1 billion tons per year by 2054, or 1 wedge. A combination of strategies will be needed to build the 7 wedges of the stabilization triangle. In summary, No one strategy will suffice to build the entire stabilization triangle. New strategies will be needed to address both fuel and electricity needs, and some wedge strategies compete with others to replace emissions from the same source.

Rennaisance Humanist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rennaisance Humanist Movement - Essay Example Therefore, this paper analyzes the difference between their ideologies on liberty and their earlier views about the Catholic Church. Martin Luther started his protests about the protestant reformation through his first essays by attacking the Catholic Church. These assertions may not be the truth as Martin Luther started his mission in 1511 to Rome as a delegate to protest about the Straupitz improvements. He was enlightened with the catholic knowledge due to his earlier knowledge as a monk and a priest. Luther was able to see deceptive and corruptions in the Catholic Church. He was in a position to develop views about the church and God after he became close to the church. Earlier in his life, he had limited faith in God but he based his beliefs on personal experiences he had with God. He further believed that God had deserted him and thus he punished himself through starvation. Starvation could act as a cleansing mechanism to remove all the impurities, which God refuted. According to Luther, man’s relationship with God was through purification that all things could together, praise, and love God. Other people could not find peace with God due to personal conflict. He spread his understanding of the bible to save the oppressed to overcome the battle with the church. Luther maintained that salvation was not just through laws or works, but also through God’s work. This is a biblical allusion where salvation also demands God’s glory and righteousness that man has done and by his mercy and the work of his grace which we have believed. According to Luther, a person who believed in God and his personal relationship with Him meant that the church had no mandate to condemn that believer because he could not afford to pay the taxes or attend the church proceedings each Sunday. Furthermore, the church had no mandate to control people’s personal life and their God’s beliefs. People had the right to elect their own pastors to resolve the corruption cases. This was after the new understanding about the new relationship between God and man. Therefore, God’s word should arise from people with similar views as others. In this regard, the new free cities could not elude this, which relived them from paying taxes. Through his theological views, church powers were contained in its own state. Several towns launched complains about the powers and high influence that the church had. This proved that the church possessed too many powers over the city-states. Machiavelli had different views from what Luther earlier asserted. He asserted that the key quality in any true person is the value of the word he has. In the prince, the author expresses his deep feelings about the person in the story of one prince. He values integrity for he wishes that the prince keeps his word. In our daily live, all princes who have successfully accomplished great deeds have cared less about keeping their valued promises and have good knowledg e on handling men in a shrewd manner. Machiavelli posits that people were in a position to do things that are more important but they may be interfered by laziness, which hinders them from accomplishing their tasks. Furthermore, the individuals may be too manipulative to allow their efforts go unrewarded. He likened this to the princes whose skills aided them acquire the principles with some difficult but they easily hold on and the growth of the

The Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia Essay Example for Free

The Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia Essay There were many similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Middle East and East Asia. Both regions were based on religions that were founded by prophets, but Byzantium and the Middle East had religions that were monotheistic, and East Asia did not. They also differed in the fact that the Middle East and Byzantium focused on academic development, and East Asia focused on military development, but were similar because both developed new ways to use projectile weapons. Both East Asia and the Middle East and Byzantium were similar in their use and development of projectile weapons. The Byzantine Empire developed a very powerful, projectile weapon called Greek fire. It was mainly used in naval warfare, and essentially could burn while floating on water for very extensive periods of time. This weapon was exclusive to the Byzantine people and has been lost with them. Gunpowder was also first developed in China. Gunpowder could be used to fuel the first guns, which while simple at the time, were deadly to the rest of the world. This idea spread through trade to the Islamic people, and later the rest of the world, transforming warfare for the rest of time. There were also differences in intellectual development between Byzantium and Mesopotamia and East Asia. For one, Byzantium was more academically advanced, while East Asia was more militarily advanced. The Byzantine Empire focused much attention on architecture. The people there build enormous, beautiful buildings. One of the most famous was the Hagia Sophia. Rome also had many writers who wrote great works of history and poems. East Asia on the other hand was more focused out military advancements. China created gun powder, which was a huge help in stopping nomadic invasions because of the distance cannons could blow. Also steel and iron weapons were made which were very strong. East Asia was also responsible for the creation of the printing press, which made it possible to produce text very quickly and in large amounts, helping communication immensely. There were similarities between the religions of Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia. The religions in the Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia, Islam, Orthodox Christianity, and Buddhism, respectively, were all religions that were started by prophets; Islam by Mohammed, Christianity by Jesus Christ, and Buddhism by Siddhartha Gautama. Islam spread very rapidly throughout the Middle East. Islam was the fastest spreading religion during this period. Similarly, Buddhism spread rapidly from its birthplace of India to East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. In the Middle East and Byzantium, the religions being practiced were strictly monotheistic. In East Asia, they were not. The dominant religion in the Middle East was Islam, a monotheistic faith revealed through the prophet Muhammad. In Byzantium, Christianity, another monotheistic religion, dominated the region. However, in East Asia, there was no monotheistic religion. Instead, the people in this area practiced Confucian traditions and Buddhist customs.